Anatomy and Physiology Honors | Control and Coordination - The Nervous System

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The ultimate control center of the body that oversees all communication among the organs.

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What is the main function of the nervous system?

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Sensory Input

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It receives stimuli via millions of sensory receptors throughout the body.

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102 Terms

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The ultimate control center of the body that oversees all communication among the organs.

What is the main function of the nervous system?

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Sensory Input

It receives stimuli via millions of sensory receptors throughout the body.

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Integration

It processes the input stimuli and decides what should be done.

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Motor Output

It activates effector organs to cause a response.

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Nervous Tissue

The nervous system is composed of what?

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Neurons (nerve cells) and Neuroglia (glial cells)

Nervous tissue is densely packed with?

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Neurons (10%)

Neuroglia (90%)

How many percent does neurons and neuroglia make up in a nervous tissue.

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Neurons (nerve cells)

They are excitable cells that respond to stimuli by conducting impulses to transmit signals.

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Neuroglia (glial cells)

They are supportive cells that provide nutrition, insulation, and help with signal transmission.

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Some (cell body)

They are the life support containing the nucleus and most organelles (such as tons of mitochondria).

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Ganglion

They are a collection of nerve cell bodies located n the body (just not the brain or spinal cord).

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Nerve

They are bundles of axons that extend from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.

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Processes

They are extensions from the cell body

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Dendrites

The min receptor of signals; input region.

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Axon

Generates and transmits nerve impulses; the conducting region; also known as the nerve fiber.

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Axon terminals

The end of the axon that releases neuron transmitters at a synapse when a nerve impulse is received; the secretary region.

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Myelin sheath

It covers long axon (nerve fibers) to protect an electrically insulate them to increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission.

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Node of Ranvier

Unmyelinated gaps in the myelin sheath that aid in increasing the veocity of nerve signal conduction.

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Multipolar

Bipolar

Unipolar

How are neurons classified structurally as well as based on their number of processes?

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Multipolar

99% of neurons are __ (structural classification)

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Bipolar

They are rare and found in only a few special sense organs. (structural classification)

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Unipolar

They are found in the ganglia in the PNS. (structural classification)

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Ganglia

These are a group sensory neurons.

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Sensory Neurons

Motor Neurons

Interneurons

How are neurons classified functionally as well as based on the way an impulse travels through a neuron with regards to the brain and spine?

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Sensory Neurons

They are also called afferent neurons.

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Sensory Neurons

They transmit info from sensory receptors to the CNS

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Sensory Neurons

They are mostly unipolar. (functional classification)

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Motor Neurons

They are also called efferent neurons.

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Motor Neurons

They transport info from the CNS to the rest of the body.

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Motor Neurons and Interneurons

Most are structurally multipolar to send impulse to multiple places. (functional classification)

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Interneurons

They are also called association neurons.

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Interneurons

They housed in the CNS and transport info between the sensory and motor neurons.

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term image

Label the following organization diagram of the nervous system.

<p>Label the following organization diagram of the nervous system.</p>
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Integration and control center of the brain and spinal cord.

What is the main function of the central nervous system (CNS)?

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It is protected by the skull and surrounded by layers of tissue called the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the brain from injury.

How is the brain protected?

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Ventricles

They are hollow fluid-like cavities within the brain that contains the choroid plexus which makes cerebrospinal fluid.

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Choroid Plexus

It is made up of ependymal cells and makes cerebrospinal fluid.

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After puberty

When does the brain fully develop?

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Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Brain Stem

What are the three (3) main parts of the brain?

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Cerebrum

It is the largest part of the brain, making up 83%.

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Cerebrum

Part of the brain that is made up of the left and right hemispheres.

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Cerebrum

Part of the brain that is divided into four (4) lobes.

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Learning

Emotion

Speech

Hearing

Reasoning

Vision

Fine movements

What are the functions of the cerebrum?

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Cerebral Cortex

Surface

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It is located under the cerebrum.

Where is the cerebellum located?

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Maintains POSTURE and BALANCE

Coordinates TIMING and PATTERNS for smooth and agile SUBCONSCIOUS movements

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

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Base of the cerebrum

Anterior to the cerebellum

Where is the brainstem located?

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Medulla Oblongata

Midbrain

Pons

What are the parts of the brainstem?

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Brainstem

Part of the brain that relays info between the rest of the brain and the spinal cord.

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Coordinates automatic functions:

Body Temperature

Digestion

Sleep

Swallowing

Respiration

Circulation

What are the functions of the brainstem?

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It is composed of the spinal and cranial nerves and serves as the communication system between the CNS and the rest of the body.

What is the main function of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

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Motor nerve fibers

They send out information from the brain to effector organs lie muscles (so they will contract) and glands (so they will secrete).

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Somatic motor, voluntary

nerve fibers innervate skeletal muscles to control movements.

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Preganglionic Axon

First (1st) neuron’s cell body in the CNS

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Postganglionic Axon

Second (2nd) neuron’s axon terminals in the effector organ

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Cardiac and smooth muscles, gonads, involuntary

Muscle fibers innervate as well as to control movements.

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norepinephrine (NE), acetylcholine (ACh), stimulatory, inhibitory

Neurotransmitter is released in the sympathetic nervous system, while is released in the parasympathetic; both can be and .

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Parasympathetic Division

Craniosacral nerves (they start at the based of your brain) and they help calm you down.

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Parasympathetic Division

Ganglia are far from the spinal cord, right next to or inside of effector organs.

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Parasympathetic Division

“rest and digest” division, helps maintain your body and conserves energy for later.

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Parasympathetic Division

It is set up to communicate to 1 effector organ at a time

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Parasympathetic Division

Preganglionic cells are longer than postganglionic

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Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Division

Uses neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) and hormones for stimulation and inhibition

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Neurotransmitters

These are chemicals released from neurons to cross synapses.

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Hormones

They are chemicals released form glands into the bloodstream.

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Sympathetic Division

Thoracolumbar nerves (they start between the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae) and they excite you

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Sympathetic Division

Ganglia are in the spinal cord and send signals far distances to effector organs.

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Sympathetic Division

“fight or flight” division; focuses on what your body needs to do right now.

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Sympathetic Division

Set up so that 1 stress signal → responses in multiple organs at once

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Sympathetic Division

Preganglionic cells are shorter than postganglionic

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Sympathetic Division

It is antagonistic to the parasympathetic division, but they can work cooperatively.

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Dilate Pupils

Increase Heartbeat

Inhibit Stomach Activity

Inhibit Intestine Activity

Relax Airways

Give examples of sympathetic nerves.

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Constrict Pupils

Constrict Airways

Slow Heartbeat

Stimulate Stomach Activity

Stimulate Intestine Activity

Give examples of parasympathetic nerves.

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Sensory nerve fibers

They receive sensory stimuli to send back to the CNS/brain.

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Somatic sensory fibers

Carry info from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints

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Visceral sensory fibers

Carry info from the visceral organs

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Mechanoreceptors

mechanical force; vibration, pressure, stretch, and touch

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Thermoreceptors

change in temperature

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Photoreceptors

light

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Chemoreceptors

cehmicals

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Nociceptors

pain

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Stimulus → received by receptor → transmission through the nerves → spinal cord → brain

What is the process of the sensory division?

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Reflex

An automatic response to stimuli.

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Innate (Intristic)

Learned (acquired)

A reflex can either be or .

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Reflex Arc

Reflexes occur over highly specific neural pathways are called __.

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Receptor

site of stimulus

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Sensory neuron

transmits impulse from PNS to CNS

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Integration center

“decodes” the signal at a synapse (or multiple synapses)

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Motor neuron

conducts impulses to an effector organ

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Effector

responds by contracting (if a muscle cell) or secreting (if a gland)

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CNS

Where is the location of astrocytes?

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CNS

Where is the location of ependymal cells?

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CNS

Where is the location of microglial cells?

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CNS

Where is the location of oligodendrocytes?

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PNS

Where is the location of satellite cells?

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PNS

Where is the location of schwaan cells?

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Astrocytes

They travel from mitochondria to neurons and are the most abundant of all glial cells. They help regulate blood flow, supply nutrients, and form the physical structure of the brain.

<p>They travel from mitochondria to neurons and are the most abundant of all glial cells. They help regulate blood flow, supply nutrients, and form the physical structure of the brain. </p>
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Ependymal Cells

They play an important role in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis, brain metabolism, and the clearance of waste from the brain.

<p>They play an important role in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis, brain metabolism, and the clearance of waste from the brain. </p>
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Microglial Cells

They repair brain injury and maintain neuronal networks.

<p>They repair brain injury and maintain neuronal networks.</p>
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Oligodendrocytes

They maintain the generation of the myelin sheath.

<p>They maintain the generation of the myelin sheath.  </p>