TOEFL 5 Physiology / Anatomy

anatomy; human anatomy; What do students learn in human anatomy?; Students study structural organization of human anatomy in medical school.

解剖學; 人體解剖學

circulatory; circulatory system; How does oxygen travel through the circulatory system?; Oxygen moves to tissues via the circulatory system.

血液循環的; 循環系統

blood vessel; damaged blood vessel; How does platelet patch a damaged blood vessel?; Platelets seal the wall of a damaged blood vessel quickly.

血管; 受損血管

red blood cell; oxygen-carrying red blood cell; Why is each red blood cell vital for respiration?; Each red blood cell delivers oxygen efficiently throughout the body.

紅血球; 氧氣攜帶紅血球

secrete; secrete hormone; Why do glands secrete hormone into the bloodstream?; Endocrine glands secrete hormone to regulate metabolic balance.

分泌; 分泌荷爾蒙

respiratory; respiratory system; How does fresh air enter the respiratory system?; Fresh air flows into the respiratory system via the trachea.

呼吸的、呼吸器官的; 呼吸系統

inhale; inhale deeply; Why should athletes inhale deeply before a sprint?; Athletes inhale deeply to maximize oxygen intake.

吸氣; 深深吸氣

exhale; exhale slowly; How should you exhale slowly during yoga?; You exhale slowly to release tension from the lungs.

呼氣; 慢慢呼氣

nostril; flare a nostril; Why did the runner flare a nostril for air?; He tried to flare a nostril to catch more oxygen.

鼻孔; 張開鼻孔

airway; blocked airway; How do paramedics clear a blocked airway?; Paramedics clear a blocked airway to restore breathing.

(從鼻子到肺的)呼吸道; 阻塞的呼吸道

ingest; ingest nutrient; Why must animals ingest nutrient daily?; Living organisms ingest nutrient to sustain cellular function.

攝取(食物、藥等); 攝取營養

digest; digest food; How long does it take to digest food completely?; Enzymes digest food slowly inside the gastrointestinal tract.

消化; 消化食物

intestine; human intestine; Where does absorption occur in the human intestine?; Nutrients pass into blood vessels from the human intestine.

腸; 人類小腸

metabolism; boost metabolism; How does regular exercise boost metabolism?; Active muscle contractions boost metabolism significantly.

代謝作用; 促進新陳代謝

skeleton; human skeleton; What supports movement alongside the human skeleton?; Muscles attach to bones across the human skeleton.

骨骼、骸骨; 人類骨骼

joint; knee joint; Why did the runner strain a knee joint?; Repetitive impact can weaken a knee joint over time.

關節; 膝關節

vertebra; spinal vertebra; Which vertebra protects the upper spinal cord?; Each cervical vertebra protects neural tissue in the neck.

脊椎骨; 脊椎骨

marrow; bone marrow; Where do blood cells originate inside bone marrow?; Stem cells divide rapidly inside bone marrow to produce blood cells.

骨髓; 骨髓

apparatus; sensory apparatus; How does a sensory apparatus detect external stimuli?; Specialized receptors in a sensory apparatus send signals to the brain.

(身體的)器官; 感官裝置

Rapid Eye Movement (REM); REM sleep; What characterizes Rapid Eye Movement (REM) during sleep?; Vivid dreaming occurs frequently during Rapid Eye Movement (REM) cycles.

(睡眠中的)快速眼動期; 快速眼動睡眠

tissue; muscle tissue; How does damaged muscle tissue repair itself?; Satellite cells regenerate injured muscle tissue after exercise.

組織; 肌肉組織

cell wall; plant cell wall; What provides rigidity to a plant cell wall?; Cellulose microfibrils reinforce every plant cell wall.

細胞壁; 植物細胞壁

membrane; cell membrane; How does a cell membrane control nutrient entry?; Proteins embedded in a cell membrane regulate ion transport.

(人體皮膚、細胞的)膜; 細胞膜

nerve; sensory nerve; How does a sensory nerve signal pain to the brain?; Electrical impulses travel along a sensory nerve rapidly.

神經; 感覺神經

hypothalamus; brain hypothalamus; How does the hypothalamus regulate body temperature?; Neural signals in the hypothalamus trigger sweating or shivering.

下視丘; 大腦下視丘

cortex; cerebral cortex; Where does higher reasoning occur in the cerebral cortex?; Complex cognition takes place across the cerebral cortex.

皮質(層); 大腦皮質

cuticle; waxy cuticle; How does a waxy cuticle protect plant leaves?; A waxy cuticle prevents excessive water loss from surface evaporation.

表皮、角質層; 蠟質表層

limb; forelimb anatomy; How do mammals use a forelimb for locomotion?; Quadrupeds walk using each forelimb and hindlimb coordinated.

肢; 前肢

vocal cord; strained vocal cord; Why did the singer rest a strained vocal cord?; Resting a strained vocal cord prevents permanent tissue damage.

聲帶; 受損聲帶

inner ear; balanced inner ear; How does fluid motion in the inner ear aid balance?; Hair cells register head rotation inside the inner ear.

內耳; 平衡內耳