Crop Production PS103 Exam1

Farm

Plot of land devoted to raising crops and livestock.

Farmers/Ranchers Population

Less than 2% of the US population.

Most Common Agricultural Products in the US

Corn, Soybeans, Hay, Wheat.

Globally Most Common Products

Corn, Wheat, Rice, Potatoes, Cassava.

Advantages of Agriculture

Secure food supply, ability to feed more people, less hunting & gathering, more raising livestock and growing crops.

Fertile Crescent

Origin of agriculture, located in the Middle East by the Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates River.

Potatoes and Quinoa Domestication

First domesticated in South America by Inca civilization.

Corn, Beans, Squash Domestication

First domesticated in Central America by Mayan/Aztec people.

The 3 Sisters

Corn, Beans, Squash.

Grain Crops

Any plant where the seed (grain) is harvested.

Grain Crops Examples

Corn, Beans (soy, lima, kidney, etc.), Chickpeas, Peanuts, Flax, Buckwheat, Wheat, Oat, Barley, Rye.

Cereal Crops

Grasses that produce an edible crop.

Cereal Crops Examples

Wheat, Rice, Corn, Barley, Sorghum.

Pulse Crops

Legumes grown for high protein seeds, seeds are enclosed in a pod.

Pulse Crops Examples

Dry beans, lentils, faba beans, dry peas, chickpeas, cowpeas, bambara beans, lupins, vetches, soybeans.

Forages

Crops produced for livestock feed.

Forages Examples

Range, Pasture, Hay (grasses or legumes), Silage (grasses or legumes).

Fiber Crops

Plants whose harvested portion is fiber that can be used to make clothing, rope, paper, and baskets.

Fiber Crops Examples

Cotton, Flax, Hemp, Ramie.

Roots and Tubers

Starch-rich organs stored underground.

Roots and Tubers Examples

Root - sweet potatoes, cassava; Tuber - potatoes, Jerusalem artichoke.

Cover Crops

Established outside cash crop growing window to prevent soil erosion, maintain soil activity, increase nutrients, suppress weeds.

Cover Crop Examples

Winter rye, clover, field peas, hairy vetch, turnips, radishes.

Green Manure Crops

Crops that are tilled into the soil, provide nutrients and enhance soil quality.

Green Manure Crops Examples

Sweet clover, hairy vetch, alfalfa, crimson clover, winter rye.

Bioenergy Crops

Production of energy from biological systems.

biomass

two types: biomass and biofuel

biofuels

two types: biomass and biofuel

sources of biofuels

Corn, Soybean, Sorghum, Sugarcane, Canola, Switchgrass, Miscanthus, Carinata

sugar crops

crops from which sugar is obtained

sugar crop examples

Sugar beets, Sugarcane, Corn, Sweet sorghum

oil crops

Oil-rich seeded crops that are processed for the oils they contain

oil crops examples

Include soybean, sunflowers, flax, canola, peanuts, and cotton

protein crops

seeds are naturally high in protein (pulse crops)

protein crops examples

Examples include soybean, peas, field beans, peanuts, sunflower, cotton, and quinoa

starchy seed crops

Crops with seed naturally high in starch

starchy seed crops examples

Examples include corn, wheat, oat, barley, rye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, and amaranth

medicinal crops

used for pain relief, disease treatment, and other properties

psychoactive crops

grown for hallucinogenic or euphoric effects

monocots

1 cotyledon in seed

dicots

2 seed leaves (cotyledons)

macronutrients

consumed in large quantities (Carbohydrates, Fats, Protein)

micronutrients

consumed in smaller quantities (Vitamins and minerals)

scientific names

There are multiple common names for one species

epidermis

Outer protective cell layer on stems and leaves. Includes, cuticle, stomata, and root hairs

vascular tissue

Conducting Tissue moves tissue throughout plant

xylem

water and mineral transport

phloem

Transports products of photosynthesis

ground tissue

bulk of plant includes 3 different types of cells

meristems

areas of active cell division

apical meristem

(roots and Shoots) produces leaves stems, and flowers and root tissue

axillary meristems

Located at axis between stem and leaf, produces buds that grow into branches or flowers

lateral meristems

increase stem diameter

intercalary meristems

increase length between internodes

roots

anchor, support, and feed plants

taproot

one primary root, secondary and lateral roots branch off (dicots)

fibrous

same as adventitious, one is no bigger than the next

complete

all parts present (stamen, Pistil, Petals, Sepals)

incomplete

missing one or more parts

perfect

male and female are in the same flower

imperfect

has either male or female parts but not in the same flower

short day plants

flower when day length begins to shorten during the growing season

long-day plants

flowers when days are longest (peak of summer)

light reactions

(Light-Dependent Reactions) energy for the sun breaks apart water molecules in the chloroplasts

dark reactions

(Light-Independent Reactions) carbon fixation process, stomata allow CO2 to enter the plant, ATP and NADPH reduce CO2 to simple sugar

C3 plants

majority of plants, well adapted to temperate environments, ex: alfalfa, soybean, small grains

C4 plants

only about 10% well adapted to hot climates, more efficient than C3 plants, ex: corn, sorghum, sugarcane, switchgrass, big bluestem

transpiration

process of water leaving the plant through stomata, functions: cooling the plant, movement of nutrients, creates pressure gradient for uptake

epigeal germination

cotyledons emerging above the soil surface

hypogeal germination

cotyledons remain underground while epicotyl emerges

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, composed of nucleotides, and DNA composes genes

genes

Long Strand of DNA, inherited from parents, influence offspring's genotypes

chromosomes

found in nucleus, each chromosome contains hundreds to thousands of genes

alleles

genes that have multiple forms and result in different expressions in offspring

qualitative

controlled by few genes

quantitative

controlled by many genes, highly influenced by the environment

genotype

genetic composition of organisms

phenotype

expression of genes from interaction between genotype and environment

self-pollinating species

wheat, soybean, flax, and coffee

cross-pollinating species

high level of variation in offspring