Human Genetics - Cytogenetics Lecture

Flashcards covering key concepts from the Human Genetics lecture focusing on DNA, RNA, transcription, translation, and related processes.

Central Dogma

The process by which DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins.

What are the three main differences between DNA and RNA?

1. RNA sugar is ribose; 2. RNA is single-stranded; 3. RNA contains uracil instead of thymine.

mRNA

carries copies of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins.

transcription

The process of copying part of a nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary RNA sequence.

What enzyme is required for transcription?

RNA polymerase.

ntrons and exons

are non-coding sections that are cut out, are coding sections that are spliced together to form mature mRNA.

purpose of translation

decodes the mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (protein).

Where does translation occur?

takes place on ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

codon

A group of three nucleotides on mRNA that specifies an amino acid.

anticodon

A sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA that is complementary to a specific mRNA codon.

genetic code

The 'language' of mRNA instructions written using the four bases: A, U, C, and G.

termination

The ribosome reaches a 'STOP' codon, causing the mRNA to uncouple from the ribosome.

RNA splicing

The process of editing pre-mRNA by removing introns and joining exons to produce mature mRNA.

Transfer RNA (tRNA).

Which type of RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome?

What is the sequence of events from DNA to protein?

DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into a protein.