11 - the industrial revolution

socialism

system that aims to reduce inequality by having society or the government control major resources and share the wealth more fairly

wealth of nations

argued for free market capitalism where supply and demand guide the economy and the government interfere as little as possible

capitalism

economic system where private individuals own businesses and compete in a free market profit

industrial capitalism

a form of capitalism that developed during the industrial revolution, where factory owners controlled the production and employed wage laborers

adam smith

enlightenment economist who supported free markets and wrote the wealth of nations

laissez-faire

the idea that the government should not interfere in the economy

karl marx

philosopher who criticized capitalism and argued that workers would overthrow the ruling class

frederick engels

marx’s collaborator who co-wrote the communist manifesto and supported marxist ideas

communism

a political and economic system where all property is owned collectively and there are no social classes

the communist manifesto

a book by marx and engels calling for workers to rise up and overthrow capitalism 

industrial revolution

a period when major technological and factory based production transformed economies and societies

spinning jenny

a machine invented by james hargreaves that allowed one person to spin multiple threads at once

water frame

a machine invented by richard arkwright that used water power to spin together stronger threats in factories

james hargreaves

inventor of the spinning jenny

richard arkwright

inventor of the water frame and pioneer of the factory system

eli whitney

inventor credited with developing interchangeable parts, making mass production possible

interchangeable parts

identical machine parts that can be swapped easily, increasing factory efficiency

steam engine

a machine powered by burning fuel to create steam, which provided energy for factories and transportation

james watt

improved the steam engine, making it more practical for industrial use

steamship

a ship powered by steam engines, allowing faster and more reliable water travel

crop rotation

a farming technique of rotating crops to keep soil healthy and productive

seed drill

a machine that planted seeds in neat rows, greatly increasing food production

fossil fuel

natural fuels like coal used for industrial power

coal

a major energy source that powered steam engines and factories

cholera

a deadly disease spread by contaminated water, common in overcrowded industrial cities

locomotive

a steam powered train engine used for faster land transportation

george stephenson

developer of the first successful steam powered locomotive

transcontinental railroad

railroad that connected the U.S. east and wests coast, speeding travel and trade

second industrial revolution

a later phase of industrialization focused on steel, electricity, chemicals, and mass production

trans siberian railroad

a massive railway connection western russia to the pacific, promoting economic growth

bessemer process

a new method of making steel cheaply and quickly, important for railroads and buildings

edward jenner

developed smallpox vaccine, the first effective vaccine in medical history

urbanization

the growth of cities as people moved from rural areas to work in factories

industrialization

the shift from handmade production to machine based factory production

cottage industry

small scale, home based manufacturing done by families before factories

putting out system

merchants gave raw materials to households to produce goods at home

factory system

production moved into large buildings where machines and workers were centralized

factors of production

the resources needed for industry; land, labor, and capital

division of labor

breaking into small tasks so workers specialize in one step

assembly line

a production method where each worker performs one step as the product moves along

second agricultural revolution

improved farming tools and methods that increased food production and population growth

enclosure movement

british landowners fenced in common land, pushing farmers into cities for factory work

capital

money and resources used to start or expand businesses

corporation

a business owned by shareholders who invest money for profit

stock market

a system where shares of companies are bought and sold

monopoly

when one company controls an entire industry and eliminates competition

john stuart mill

a philosopher who supported reforms to protect workers and argued for individual freedoms

gold standard

a monetary system where a country’s currency value is tied to a fixed amount of gold

insurance

a financial system where people pay premiums to protect against future losses

limited liability corporation

a business where shareholders are only responsible for the amount they invest, not company debts

tenement

overcrowded, poorly built apartment housing for factory workers

working class

laborers who worked in factories for low wages and harsh conditions

middle class

factory managers, professionals, and merchants who gained wealth and status during industrialization

white collar

office or professional workers, often middle class and salaried 

specialization of labor

workers focus on one specific skill or task to increase efficiency

textile production

th manufacturing of cloth; the first major industry to industrialize

migrant worker

a laborer who moves from place to place for work

indentured labor

workers who signed a contract to work for a set numbers of years in e

internal combustion engine

an engine powered by burning fuel inside the machine, used in cars and airplanes

telegraph

a communication system that sent messages instantly through electrical signals

evangelical christianity

a christian movement on personal faith, salvation, and spreading religious beliefs

extended family

family structure that includes relatives beyond the immediate parents and children; grandparents, aunts, uncles

nuclear family

family unit consisting of parents and their children living together

proletariat

the working class wo labored in factories and did not own property or means of production

class consciousness

awareness among workers of their shared struggles and identity as a class against factory owners

cult of domesticity

the belief that women should remain in the home and focus on raising children and maintaining the household

consumerism

the culture of buying and valuing materialistic goods, encouraged by mass production

labor unions

worker organizations formed to demand better wages and working conditions

factory act of 1833

british law that limited child labor in factories and improved working conditions

strike

when workers refuse to work to pressure employers for better conditions

collective bargaining

when unions negotiate as a group with employers for better pay and conditions

luddites

workers who destroyed factory machines because they believed they were taking over their jobs

pullman company

railroad car manufacturing company known for controlling workers wages and housing

pullman strike

a major 1894 strike when pullman workers protested wage cuts, leading to nationwide rail disruption and government intervention

upton sinclair

author of The Jungle which expressed unsafe and unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry

jacob riis

photographer who documented urban poverty in How the Other Half Lives, exposing tenement conditions

utilitarianism

the belief that policies should create the greatest good for the greatest number of people

utopia

an ideal, perfectly organized society with no social or economic problem

suffrage

the right to vote

abolitionist movement

the movement to end slavery

olaudah equiano

former enslaved african who wrote an autobiography describing the horrors of slavery

jose antonio de alzate y ramirez

a mexican scientist and priest who defended indigenous knowledge and criticized european scientific racism

feminism

the belief and political, economic, and social equality between men and women

olympe de gouges

french feminist who wrote declaration of rights of women during the french revolution

lucretia mott

early american feminist and abolitionist who helped organized seneca falls

elizabeth cady stanton

key leader of women rights movement who organized the seneca falls convention

victorian

relating to british society during queen victoria’s reign, known for strict morals and gender roles

forten family

free black abolitionist family in philly that supported anti slavery activism

new women

a late 19th century idea of women seeking education, careers, and independence outside traditional domestic roles

seneca falls conference - 1848

the first womens rights convention in the U.S. where activist demanded suffrage and equality

triangle shirtwaist company

the site of a deadly 1911 factory fire that exposed unsafe working conditions and led to labor reforms

universal suffrage

voting rights for all adult citizens, regardless of gender or class

temperance

a movement to limit or ban alcohol consumption