Learn: clinical case study - 1

BP

120/80

HR

60-100

RR

12-20

Temp

98.6 or 37

SpO2

98+

glucose tolerance: diabetes

>200

Glucose Tolerance Test: Prediabetic

140-199

glucose tolerance test normal

140 or below

Blood sugar test: diabeteic

126 or above

blood sugar test : prediabetic

100-125

LDL Cholesterol normal range

Total Cholesterol normal range

HDL Cholesterol normal range

physical and chemical agents

heat,

cold,

extreme atmospheric pressure

near drowing

electrive shock

ionizing radiation

poisoning

bites

burns

asphyxiation

DEFINITION of e-coli

Related with food borne illness, bloody diarreah

SYMPTOMS of ecoli

Blood dirrhea

Nausea

Hemolyrtic uremic syndrome: acute kidney failure, seizures, HTN

MEDICAL DIAG of ecoli

bacteria in stool

TREATMENT of ecoli

Antibiotics : 5-10days

Blood transfuson and kidney dialysis

PROGNOSIS of e-coli

Prevent cross contamination

DEFINTIION of lyme

Borrelia brugodeferi , tick bacteria, slender biral shape, bulls-eye rash

SYMPTOMS of lyme

Stage1: weels - erythema , ecm, fatigue, headache, jt. Pain

Stage2: months- neurological problems CNS, meningitis, n. damage , facial palsy

Stage3: months to years- chronic arthritis, neuro problem s

MED DIAG of Lyme

History of tick exposure

ECM

Blood test

ELISA for AB to the spirochete

TREATMENT for lyme

Antibiotics : doxycycline , amoxocillin

PROGNOSIS of lyme

Minor recurrence of headaches, lethary, cover body

DEFINITION of botulism

Rare but serious illness casued by toxin that causes paralysis, caused by clostridum botulinum toxin

Food mobron: 15% contamintared food

Wound botulsim: would infected by the botulism toxic WWII

Infant botulsim: the bacteria groen in the intestine and produces the toxins

Botulsims toxin divide in 9 NEUROtoxins: ABEF (rare)

SYMPTOMS of botulism

blurred / doubles vision

Slurred speech

Dropping eyelids

MED DIAG of botulism

C. botulinium in stool or blood

Rule out stroke, guillian barre sunrome or myasthenia gravis

What is the treatment for botulism?

Use antitoxin (horse-derived or human-derived).

Why is horse-derived antitoxin used for botulism treatment?

Horses create antibodies faster, making their antitoxin effective.

Can horse-derived antitoxin be given to children?

No, it should not be given to kids.

How can we treat children exposed to botulism?

We take antibodies from individuals who have been exposed before and give them to kids.

What is the treatment for wound botulism?

Surgical removal of the wound and antibiotics.

When does paralysis start decreasing after botulism therapy?

Paralysis starts decreasing after weeks of therapy.

PROGNOSIS for botuslims

Months of recuperation may be necessary, fatigue, SOB, may continue years after

Proper canning of foods and strict hygienic measures must be followed

DEFINITION of anthrax

Acute bacterial infection caused by bacilliusin 3 forms

Curaneous ,intestinal, or inhalation

What are the symptoms of cutaneous anthrax?

Blisters or bumps that may itch, ulcers, eschar

What are the symptoms of intestinal anthrax?

Acute inflammation of the intestinal tract, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

What are the symptoms of inhalation anthrax?

Sore throat, mild fever, muscle aches, malaise, breathing problems

MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS of anthrax

Condirmation of the B- anthra in a linical specimen

RT-PCR to detect DNA from B anthracis

What is the treatment for cutaneous anthrax?

Penicillin

What are broad spectrum antibiotics?

Antibiotics that target a wide range of bacteria

What are narrow spectrum antibiotics?

Antibiotics that are very specific to certain microorganisms

What is the treatment for inhalation anthrax?

Broad spectrum antimicrobial agents

What is the treatment for intestinal anthrax?

Broad spectrum antibiotics and antitoxin

PROGNOSIS of anthrax

Early treatment of curaneous anthrase is curative

Inhalation has a mostslity of 75%

Intestinal associated death is 60%

Vaccinations

DEFINTION of malaria

Disease caused by a parasite that commonly infects a certain type of mosquito which feeds on humans

Plasmodium falciparium

Cycle: anopheles mosquotos/ liver/ merozoites *PROBLEM AND INFECTECTS YOUR RED BLOOD CELLS WHEN IT LEAVES THE LIVER* / RBC burst

SYMPTOMS of malaria

Fever chills

Headache

Malaise

Nausea

Anemia

JAUNDICE - when liver shuts down the excess of bilirubin builds up causing the yellowing

MED DIAG of malaria

Blood smear

Rapid diagnostic

TREATMENT for malaria

Antimalarial drugs - quinine (antiparistic med) + doxyxcycline (antibiotics)

PROGNOSIS for malaria

Treatment promptly and correctly , the prognosis is good

Avoid exposure use repellent

If traveling use antimalarial drugs

What does HIV stand for?

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

What is the disease associated with HIV?

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

How is HIV transmitted?

Through body fluids, blood, placental or breast milk

What type of cells does HIV infect?

CD4+ T cells (T4 cells)

SYMPTOMS for hIV

Weight loss

Fever fatigue

Lymphadenopathy

Pulmonary symptoms

Gastrointestinal symptoms

MED DIAG for HIV

FDA approved tests

Persistent fatigue

ELISA + western blot-blood test

AIDS if CD4

TREATMENT for HIV

No cure for AIDS, HIV, antriretroviral therapy

Highly active antiretroviral therapy

31 FDA aaproved

PROGNOSIS of HIV

Recurrent bouts of opportunistic infection, with or without malignancies

DEFINITION of Rubeola

Highly communicable respiratory infections

Characteristic rash

Caused by virus morbillivirus rubeola

SYMPTOMS of RUBEOLA

Rhinitis

Cough, cold

Drowsiness

Koplik spots in the oral mucosa

MED DIA of RUBEOLA

Rash

Blood test - leikopenia

Antibody titers

TREATMENT of RUBEOL

Bed rest

Darkened rooms

Antipyretics

fluids

PROGNOSIS of RUBEOLA

Good 5 days

Potential complications

Croup, conjunctivitis

Myocarditis

Respiratory tract infectections

MMR vaccine

DEFINITION OF RUBELLA

Acute infectious disease characterized by fever and rash, caused by virus rubivirus rubella

Short term

Less contagious than rubeola

Teenagers and young adults

Togaviridae family

Incubation period of 14-21 days

SYMPTOMS of rubella

Up to 50% cases are asymptomatic

Malaise

Headaches

Slight fever

MED DIAG of RUBELLA

antibody titers

TREATMENT for RUBELLA

Topical antipruritic or warm path

PROGNOSIS of RUBELLA

Good 3-5 days

Dangerous in pregnant women- 1st trimester, fetal malformation

What is the definition of pertussis?

Acute, highly infectious respiratory tract disease characterized by repetitious, paroxysmal cough and a prolonged, harsh or shrill sound during inspiration.

What bacterium is associated with pertussis?

Bordetella pertussis

What is the incubation period for pertussis?

7-10 days

What effect does pertussis have on respiratory secretions?

It promotes secretions and hampers the ability of the respiratory tract to clear those secretions.

How is pertussis transmitted?

Through direct contact or any discharge from the mucous.

SYMPTOMS of pertussis

Catarrhal stage

Cold like symptoms, fever

2. Paroxysmal stafe - 3 to 4 weeks

Characterized cough

3. Convalescence stage

Gradual recovery

MED DIAG of PERTUSSIS

History of exposure

Cough

HIGH WBC

Nasopharyngeal culture

TREATMENT of PERTUSSIS

Antibiotics during cararrhal stage

PROGNOSIS of PERTUSSIS

Variable

Complications

Seizures, apnea

Pneumonia

Encephalopathy

DTAap vaccine 3 months old

Booster required

IMMUNIZATION:

PROCESS BY WHICH SOMEONE

BECOMES PROTECTED AGAINST A DISEASE

❑ VACCINE: A PRODUCT THAT STIMULATES THE

IMMUNE SYSTEM TO PRODUCE IMMUNITY TO A

SPECIFIC DISEASE

Live-attenuated vaccines:

weakened virus or

bacterium is introduced into the body

▪ They create a strong, long-lasting (most times

lifetime) immune response with 1 or 2 doses

▪ Measles, mump, rubella, etc.

Inactivated vaccines:

vaccine made from a killed

virus or bacterium

▪ They do not provide lifelong immunity and boosters

are needed

▪ Pertussis, Flu, etc.