Chapter 1 - Intro/Basic Neuroanatomy

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71 Terms

1
Neuron Doctrine
\-The brain is composed of independent cells

\-Signals are transmitted from cell to cell across gaps (synapses)
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2
Who proposed the neuron doctrine?
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
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3
Unipolar neurons
a single extension branches in two directions, forming an input zone and an output zone
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4
Bipolar neurons
one axon, one dendrite - usually sensory
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5
Multipolar Neurons
one axon, many dendrites - most common type
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6
What are the 4 functional zones of the neuron?
input zone, integration zone, conduction zone, output zone
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7
Input Zone
where neurons collect and integrate information, either from the environment or from other cells
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8
Integration Zone
where the decision to produce a neural signal is made
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9
Conduction Zone
where information can be transmitted over great distances
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10
Output Zone
where the neuron transfers information to other cells
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11
What are the three functional kinds of neurons?
Sensory, Motor, and Interneurons
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12
Sensory Neurons
respond to environmental stimuli, such as light, odor, or touch
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13
Motoneurons
stimulate muscles or glands
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14
Interneurons
receive input from and send input to other neurons (most neurons in CNS)
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15
What are the four kinds of glial cells?
Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal Cells, and Microglia
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Astrocytes
\-Most numerous glial cells in brain

\-Fill spaces between neurons for support

\-Provide the blood-brain barrier

\-Regulate composition of the extracellular space
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17
Astrocytoma
malignant tumor of astrocytes
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18
Alexander Disease
astrocytes fill with GFAP (a protein), then fail
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19
Oligodendrocytes
Wrap axons with myelin sheaths inside brain and spinal cord
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20
Nodes of Ranvier
gaps in the myelin sheath
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21
Multiple Sclerosis
oligodendrocyte injury from autoimmune attack, usually triggered by a viral infection
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22
Microglia
cells that move around cleaning up debris from dying neurons and ganglia
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23
Ependymal Cells
Line ventricles, secrete and absorb CSF
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24
AIDS Encephalitis
brain damage in patients from neurotoxins glutamate and NO produced by viral-activated microglia
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25
What is meant by neural plasticity?
Dendritic spines' number and structure are rapidly altered by experience
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26
In what order does information flow through a synapse?
Presynaptic Terminal - Mitochondria - Synaptic Vesicles - Synaptic Cleft - Presynaptic Membrane - Postsynaptic Membrane - Dendritic Spine
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27
Autonomic Nervous System
automatic arousal control
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28
Preganglionic Neurons
run from CNS to autonomic ganglia
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29
Postganglionic Neurons
run from the autonomic ganglia to targets in the body
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30
Sympathetic Activation
prepares body for action
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31
Parasympathetic activation
rests and digests
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32
Afferent
carries impulses into a region of interest (sensory)
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33
Efferent
carries impulses away from a region of interest (motor)
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34
Coronal
separates brain from front to back
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35
Sagittal/Midsagittal
slices the brain down the midline so you can see what's on each half
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36
Horizontal
Separates brain from top to bottom
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37
White Matter
composed of axon bundles. White because myelin sheaths (white fatty tissue) cover the axons
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38
Gray matter
composed of clusters of neuron cell bodies, have dark gray appearance
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39
What are the four cortical lobes?
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
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40
Basal Ganglia
movement control
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41
Limbic System
emotional memory, regulation (surrounds the basal ganglia)
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42
Diencephalon
Our 'first brain' in human evolution, powers reflexive control of our behavior
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43
Midbrain
includes reticular formation which controls sleep and arousal, body temperature
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44
Brainstem
medulla, pons, midbrain
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45
Pons
contains motor and sensory nuclei to face
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Medulla
transition of brain to spinal cord, heart rate, breathing
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Cerebellum
motor coordination and learning
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48
Meninges
brain wrappings; includes dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid membrane, subarachnoid space, and pia meter
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49
Subdural hematoma
pertaining to below the dura mater, tumor of blood
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50
Cerebral Ventricles
make CSF which surrounds and cushions the brain
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51
CSF Flow
produces inside the brain, circulates, then exits the brain
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52
Hydrocephalus
accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain due to circulation failure
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53
How many layers does the cerebral cortex have?
six
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54
White matter tracts (axons)
connect brain areas
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55
Denser the tissue...
the whiter the image
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56
Asymmetry is abnormal in a CT scan of the brain
True
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57
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
identifies which brain regions contribute to specific functions by injecting radioactive chemicals to map their destination by their emissions; few clinic uses
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58
Functional MRI
revolutionized study of the human brain; shows how networks of brain structures collaborate
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59
Soma
Cell body
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Nucleus
DNA in chromosomes, mRNA transcribed from DNA, gene expression
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Rough ER
Arrays of membranes with ribosomes, site of protein synthesis for membrane associated proteins
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Smooth ER
regulates cytoplasm
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63
Golgi Apparatus
Stacks of flat membrane compartments, packages products for shipment in the cell
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64
Lowe Syndrome
Low quality vesicles made in the Golgi apparatus lead to mental retardation, facial deformities, seizures, kidney function, etc.
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Microtubules
spirals of tubulin, rail tracks inside neuron
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66
Neurofilaments
static support structures, twisted cables
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67
Anterograde transport
material is moved from soma to axon terminals using kinesin
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68
Retrograde transport
material is moved from terminals to soma using dynein
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69
Lissencephaly
smooth brain
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70
MELAS Syndrome
mitochondrial energy failure; Mitochondrial Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke
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71
Larger Neurons
\-Have more complex inputs and outputs

\-Cover greater distances

\-Convey information more rapidly
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