run from the autonomic ganglia to targets in the body
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Sympathetic Activation
prepares body for action
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Parasympathetic activation
rests and digests
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Afferent
carries impulses into a region of interest (sensory)
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Efferent
carries impulses away from a region of interest (motor)
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Coronal
separates brain from front to back
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Sagittal/Midsagittal
slices the brain down the midline so you can see what's on each half
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Horizontal
Separates brain from top to bottom
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White Matter
composed of axon bundles. White because myelin sheaths (white fatty tissue) cover the axons
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Gray matter
composed of clusters of neuron cell bodies, have dark gray appearance
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What are the four cortical lobes?
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
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Basal Ganglia
movement control
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Limbic System
emotional memory, regulation (surrounds the basal ganglia)
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Diencephalon
Our 'first brain' in human evolution, powers reflexive control of our behavior
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Midbrain
includes reticular formation which controls sleep and arousal, body temperature
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Brainstem
medulla, pons, midbrain
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Pons
contains motor and sensory nuclei to face
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Medulla
transition of brain to spinal cord, heart rate, breathing
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Cerebellum
motor coordination and learning
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Meninges
brain wrappings; includes dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid membrane, subarachnoid space, and pia meter
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Subdural hematoma
pertaining to below the dura mater, tumor of blood
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Cerebral Ventricles
make CSF which surrounds and cushions the brain
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CSF Flow
produces inside the brain, circulates, then exits the brain
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Hydrocephalus
accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain due to circulation failure
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How many layers does the cerebral cortex have?
six
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White matter tracts (axons)
connect brain areas
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Denser the tissue...
the whiter the image
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Asymmetry is abnormal in a CT scan of the brain
True
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
identifies which brain regions contribute to specific functions by injecting radioactive chemicals to map their destination by their emissions; few clinic uses
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Functional MRI
revolutionized study of the human brain; shows how networks of brain structures collaborate
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Soma
Cell body
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Nucleus
DNA in chromosomes, mRNA transcribed from DNA, gene expression
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Rough ER
Arrays of membranes with ribosomes, site of protein synthesis for membrane associated proteins
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Smooth ER
regulates cytoplasm
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Golgi Apparatus
Stacks of flat membrane compartments, packages products for shipment in the cell
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Lowe Syndrome
Low quality vesicles made in the Golgi apparatus lead to mental retardation, facial deformities, seizures, kidney function, etc.
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Microtubules
spirals of tubulin, rail tracks inside neuron
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Neurofilaments
static support structures, twisted cables
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Anterograde transport
material is moved from soma to axon terminals using kinesin
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Retrograde transport
material is moved from terminals to soma using dynein
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Lissencephaly
smooth brain
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MELAS Syndrome
mitochondrial energy failure; Mitochondrial Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke