unit 9

radio

radio

a communication system based on broadcasting electromagnetic waves

Internet

A global network connecting millions of computers, making it possible to exchange information.

Green Revolution

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.

Crossbreeding

when members of different species breed together.

genetic engineering

Process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms

shipping containers

large metal boxes used to store goods on ships; can be easily removed from ships to a train or semi truck trailer

antibiotic

a medicine used to save lives because it destroys harmful bacteria and cures infections

birth control

Any method used to reduce births, including celibacy, delayed marriage, contraception; devices or medication that prevent implantation of fertilized zygotes, and induced abortions

fertility rates

Average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years which occur between the ages of 15 and 44

vaccine

A harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates a host's immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen

Pandemic

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.

Smallpox

The overall deadliest known disease in the history of the world. In the 20th century alone there were approximately 500,000,000 people who died of this disease.

Malaria

A disease caused by mosquitoes implanting parasites in the blood.

Doctors Without Boarders

is a secular humanitarian-aid non-government organization that deals with armed conflicts, epidemics, and natural disasters.

Tuberculosis

An infectious disease that may affect almost all tissues of the body, especially the lungs

Cholera

an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated water or food

Jonas Salk

Developed the polio vaccine in 1952

Albert Sabin

Developed an even better, oral vaccine for polio and used it to allow for the eradication of polio.

Polio

A highly contagious infectious disease of the spinal cord caused by a filterable virus.

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

The most advanced, and fatal, stage of an HIV infection.

HIV

human immunodeficiency virus

Ebola

A contagious viral disease originating in Africa. It is transmitted by blood and body fluids and causes body organs and vessels to leak blood, usually resulting in death.

heart disease

An abnormal organic condition of the heart or of circulation.

Alzheimer 's disease

an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning

Antiretroviral drugs

Used to treat infections caused by HIV, the virus that causes AIDS

artificial heart

a pump designed to fit into the human chest cavity and perform the heart's function of pumping blood around the body

Robert Jarvik

Creator of the first artificial heart

heart transplant

the surgical replacement of a diseased heart with a healthy one

Christiaan Barnard

performed the first human heart transplant

Green Party

A minor party dedicated to the environment, social justice, nonviolence, and the foreign policy of nonintervention. Ralph Nader ran as the Green party's nominee in 2000.

Green Belt Movement

Kenyan movement focusing on preventing further deforestation.

deforestation

the destruction of forest land

desertification

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.

air quality

The condition of the air based on the amount of pollution in it

greenhouse gases

Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and ozone in the atmosphere

fossil fuels

coal, oil, natural gas, petroleum

water scarcity

not having access to enough clean water supplies

renewable energy

A resource that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by humans.

global warming

An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)

carbon footprint

the total carbon dioxide emissions produced by an individual, group, or location

Anthropocene

the modern geological era during which humans have dramatically affected the environment

Kyoto Protocol

controlling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developed countries

Paris Agreement

an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dealing with greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, adaptation, and finance

economic liberalization

the process of limiting the power of the state over private property and market forces

free market

An economic system in which prices and wages are determined by unrestricted competition between businesses, without government regulation or fear of monopolies.

Asian Tigers

Collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore-nations that became economic powers in the 1970s and 1980s.

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement

Maquiladora

Factories built by US companies in Mexico near the US border to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico.

Mercosur

Pact among Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay to establish a free trade area

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

a trade alliance that promotes trade and economic integration among member nations in Southeast Asia

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

a 1948 agreement that established an international forum for negotiating mutual reductions in trade restrictions

Protective Tariff

A tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy domestic goods

World Trade Organization (WTO)

a trade organization that replaced the old General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

Ronald Reagan

US President from 1981-1989, his election will signal a shift to conservative republican values; tax cuts, trickle down economics - "Reaganomics"

Margaret Thatcher

leader of conservatives in Great Britain who came to power. Pledged to limit social welfare, restrict union power, and end inflation. Formed Thatcherism, in which her economic policy was termed, and improved the British economic situation. She dominated British politics in 1980s, and her government tried to replace local property taxes with a flat-rate tax payable by every adult. Her popularity fell, and resigned.

Deng Xiaoping

Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong.

Augusto Pinochet

Chilean militar leader who in a coup deposed Salvador Allende - communist, elected leader - created one party rule dictatorship - ruled w/ iron fist - human rights abuses

Tiananmen Square

Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life.

knowledge economy

a society no longer based primarily on the production of material goods but instead on the production of knowledge

multinational corporation

An organization that manufactures and markets products in many different countries and has multinational stock ownership and multinational management

Microsoft

Technology corporation that focuses on the development and implementation of software used on computers and on the World Wide Web.

Google

an American public corporation, specializing in Internet search and online advertising.

Nelson Mandela

ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected as president of South Africa in 1994.

Negritude

Literary movement in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with origins of African nationalist movements.

Leopold Senghor

part of negritude movement, which rejected negative vies of Africa, wrote "Black Woman", later takes role in Senegals drive to independence and would serve as it's 1st president

Pope Francis

He is the current Bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church

Liberation Theology

a movement within the Catholic church to understand Christianity from the perspective of the poor and oppressed, with a focus on fighting injustice

W. E. B. DuBois (1868-1963)

A black orator and essayist. Helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). He disagreed with Booker T. Washington's theories, and took a militant position on race relations.

Desmond Tutu

This man was the leading spokesman of passive resistance to apartheid in the 1980's. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983 for his attempts to replace apartheid with a racially equal South African society.

F. W. de Klerk

Elected as the last white South African president in 1989. He legalized the ANC and also released Nelson Mandela from prison. This started a new era in South Africa and ended apartheid

Wangari Maathai

Started the Green Belt Movement in Kenya

Earth Day

A holiday conceived of by environmental activist and Senator Gaylord Nelson to encourage support for and increase awareness of environmental concerns; first celebrated on March 22, 1970

Greenpeace

an international organization that works for environmental conservation and the preservation of endangered species

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

A 1946 United Nations covenant binding signatory nations to the observance of specified rights.

UNICEF

An agency of the United Nations responsible for programs to aid education and the health of children and mothers in developing countries

International Court of Justice

a court established to settle disputes between members of the United Nations

human rights

the basic rights to which all people are entitled as human beings

Refugees

People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.

Civil Rights Act

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Voting Rights Act

law that banned literacy tests and empowered the federal government to oversee voter registration

Apartheid

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.

Pass Laws

laws in South Africa that stated blacks had to carry passbooks to show where they lived and worked. Blacks could also own land only in homelands, and couldn't be out after dark

African National Congress (ANC)

the main organization that opposed apartheid and pushed for majority rule in South Africa; later a political party

Pariah State

a country which is diplomatically and economically isolated by the global community because its behavior violates international norms

Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC)

Sought to restore and establish an atmosphere of of trust in new, multi-racial South Africa; Set up a series of 19 public hearings designed to expose the truth of human right violations that occurred during Apartheid while granting amnesty to members of the apartheid regime who testified

Dalits

Members of India's "lowest" caste; literally, "broken people." Also called "Untouchables."

Hari Krishna

Spinoff of Hinduism that worships Krishna

New Age

a novel blend of magic and religion, ancient and futuristic beliefs, and utilitarian and mystical ethics and philosophies

Falun Gong

Chinese spiritual movement suppressed by the government since the late 1990s

nonbelievers

People like Muslims and Jews. They aren't threatening christianity.

Olympic Games

An athletic competition held every four years that brings the nations together

World Cup

International soccer competition held by FIFA every 4 years between the 32 qualifying nations; the most watched event in the world.

consumer culture

a culture in which personal worth and identity reside not in the people themselves but in the products with which they surround themselves

Modernism

A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.

popular culture

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

Bollywood

Indian version of Hollywood (film industry), centered in Mumbai (formerly Bombay)

anime

Japanese style of animation

Reggae

A style of music that developed in Jamaica in the 1960s and is rooted in African, Caribbean, and American music, often dealing with social problems and religion.

K-Pop

The Republic of Korea's (South Korea's) vibrant music scene of government-supported girl and boy bands.

Americanization

Belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens