Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Respiratory, Digestive, and Reproductive Systems

what is the function of the respiratory mucosa?

Warm, moisten and filter inhaled air

what does retroflection describe?

A change in orientation of the uterus due to pregnancy

what organ does this microscopic anatomy image depict

Stomach

what is the main purpose of lymphatic drainage?

draining excess fluid that leaves the arteriole side of a capillary bed and is not reclaimed at the venous side

which lymph nodes drain the testes?

para-aortic nodes

why is the large intestine called the large intestine

it has a large cross-sectional area

what determines the position of the seminal vesicles relative to the prostate gland

the extent of fillinf of the urinary bladder

what is the hardest material in the human body?

enamel of teeth

what specialised epithelial cells support spermatogenesis?

sertoli cells

from superficial to deep what are the typical layers of the gastrointestinal tract

serosa/adventitia, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa

what anatomical reference is most accurate for locating the ovaries

Sacro-iliac joints at the 5th lumbar vertebra

what tissues are bronchi composed of?

columnar, cuboidal or squamous epithelium, smooth muscle, and cartilage

what do the broad caardinal and round ligaments refer to?

some of the ligaments which secure the uterus in place

what does the thoracic duct empty

the junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins

what are type I alveolar cells

specialised squamous epithelial cells that permit rapid gas exchange with surrounding capillary beds

which organs are accessory organs of the digestive system?

pancreas, liver, salivary glands and tounge

what does FSH and LH stand for?

Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone

what is generally considered the most inferior aspect of the stomach

the greater curvature

which lymphatic trunk is not a paired structure

the intestinal trunk

what best describes a pulmonary segment

contained by a connective tissue layer, has a bronchial branch, a discrete blood supply deep to its structure, and complementary blood and lymphatic drainage on the periphery

where do the seminal vesicles drain lymphatically?

internal and external iliac nodes

what structure marks the beginning of the respiratory tract?

external nares

what structure is the arytenoid and cuneiform components of?

the larynx

which lymph node drains the cervix?

external iliac, internal iliac and sacral nodes

what does the thoracic duct drain?

the entire body inferior to the diaphragm and the left side of the body superior to the diaphragm

what structrue contains the infundibulum, isthmus, ampulla and fimbriae?

the uterine tubes

what structure is lobular in appearance, paired, and has a duct emerging from its inferior end in a medio-anterior direction?

the seminal vesicle

what are the three major salivary glands?

Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular salivary glands

what is note worthy about the 5th branches of the abdominal aorta in a male?

they arise in the abdomen but supply an organ outside the abdominal cavity (testes)

where are peg cells found and what do they do?

in the lining of the fallopian tubes in which they nourish and support ovaries

what are the three main parts of the pancreas?

head, body, and tail

what is the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract comprised of?

epithelium, connective tissue and a small amount of smooth muscle

what are the three impressions on the outer surface of the spleen?

gastric, colic, and renal impressions

what is unusual about the blood supply to the lungs?

blood supply comes from both the pulmonary and systemic circulations

what is considered patent in the respiratory system?

the lumen of the conducting zone

at what vertebral level does the trachea bifurcate?

T5

between which vertebral levels does the oesophagus generally extend?

C6 to T11

which structures are shared between the respiratory and digestive system?

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

how can the respiratory system be divided anatomically?

upper and lower respiratory system

how can the respiratory system be divided physiologically

conducting zone and respiratory zone

what structure is found on the ventral aspect of the penis

corpus spongiosum

what are the three anatomical regions of the pharynx

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

what are the four layers of the trachea?

mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage and adventitia

what is the function of the carina of the trachea?

it is the internal ridge at the division of the trachea and is the most sensitive area for triggering the cough reflex

what are the two layers of the pleural membrane

parietal pleura and viscral pleura

what is the function of type II alveolar cells?

they secrete surfactant, which reduces the tendency of the alveoli to collapse

what is the main muscle responsible for normal inhalation?

the diaphragm

what is the main function of the conducting zone?

conduct air to the lungs

what is the main function of the respiratory zone?

it is the main site of gas exchange