Namba APUSH Historical Characters List #1 (Colonization to Reconstruction)

Abigail Adams

- "Remember the ladies"

- called for greater rights for women after the American Revolution

John Adams

- defended the British soldiers against murder charges during the Boston Massacre

- 2nd President of the US

- his financial plan made him unpopular

- XYZ Affair

- put patriotism above party; plunged his popularity but did the right thing, keeping the US neutral while it was still weak

- "Father of the American Navy"

John Quincy Adams

- repealed Gag Resolution

- Secretary of State; the US starts to have some stability in foreign affairs and diplomatic success

- foreign policy legend: 1) Rush-Bagot Treaty 2) British American Convention 3) Adams-Onis Treaty 4) Monroe Doctrine

- difficulties as President; never had majority of support; charges of "corruption"

Samuel Adams

- leads the Committees of Correspondence which was used to keep up communication & resistance to British policies; key to keeping the revolution spirit rolling

- led whites disguised as Indians into the Boston Tea Party

Louisa May Alcott

- abolitionist; feminists; transcendentalist family

- Little Women; Hospital Sketches

Ethan Allen

- soldier of the Amerian Revolution whose troops helped capture Fort Ticonderoga from the British

Benedict Arnold

- general during the American Rev who fought for the Continental Army

- TRAITOR

John Jacob Astor

- fur trader and real estate speculator; the American Fur Company

- died a millionaire

John J. Audubon

- To escape conscription for the Napoleonic Wars, John J Audubon returned to America at 18 and became fascinated by North American wildlife.

Audubon revolutionized the capturing (through "wire armature) and painting of birds, surpassing even modern standards, as illustrated in Birds of America.

- He made a significant contribution to knowledge of bird anatomy and was quoted 3 times in Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species.

Nathaniel Bacon

- leads a rebellion of frustrated poor folk against Indians on the frontier and burned Jamestown

- his rebellion leads to transition to African Chattel Slave labor

Sarah Bagley

- Lowell women

- agitated for a 10 hour work day and for improvements in conditions in the mills

Clara Barton

- Civil War nurse

- forms American Red Cross

Catharine Beecher

- urged women to enter the teaching profession

- helped get women jobs that would allow them to be self-supported

Alexander Graham Bell

- invented the first telephone

Elizabeth Blackwell

- first female doctor in the US

Napoleon Bonaparte

- sold the Louisiana territory to Jefferson for $15 mil

John Wilkes Booth

- killed Lincoln in Ford's Theater on April 14th 1865

William Bradford

- chosen governor of Plymouth

- helped Plymouth to survive and trade

Anne Bradstreet

- the first American female poet

John Brown

- hoped to spark slave revolt in 1859; attempted to seize the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry which does not go well because he was charged with treason and hung

James Buchanan

- Democrats picked him for the election of 1856 because he had nothing to do with Kansas-Nebraska Act

- Lame Duck President

- does nothing to stop secession

Aaron Burr

- tried to scheme with Federalists to make New England and NY secede from the union

- killed Hamilton in a duel

John C. Calhoun

- published "South Carolina Exposition" which outlined the theory of nullification

- Vice Pres under Andrew Jackson

- advocate of free trade, states' rights, limited government and nullification

Samuel Chase

- Supreme Court Justice who Jefferson tried to impeach in 1804, but not enough votes

Chief Pontiac

- the Ottawa chief who led several tribes in a campaign to drive the British out of the Ohio Country

- the British retaliated by distributing smallpoz infested blankets and easily crushed the uprising

- was killed but the rebellion convinced British of a need to stabilize relation with Indians

Willian Clark and Merriwether Lewis

- led a scientific exploration of the trans-Mississippi West after the Louisiana Purchase which was the start of U.S. claims to the Oregon territory and Pacific coast

Henry Clay

- The Great Compromiser

- American System: tariffs, BUS, internal improvements

- War Hawks

James Fennimore Cooper

- American Author (The Leatherstocking Takes which included The Last of the Mohicans)

- contrasted the natural person of the forest with the values of modern civilization

- nationalism after War of 1812; his work gained international recognition

George Custer

- discovered gold in the Black Hills of South Dakota

- his seventh calvary division was decimated by the Sious at the Battle of Little Big Horn

Jefferson Davis

- chosen as President of the Confederate States of America

Alexis De Toqueville

- Frenchman who wrote Democracy in America in 1835 which discusses the adantages of democracy and consequences of the majority's unlimited power

John Dickinson

- wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts

- although a critic of British policies, he opposed revolution

Dorothea Dix

- worked tirelessly to reform mental health treatment

Stephen A. Douglas

- Northern Democrat

- wants to secure a RR route and encourage western settlement: Kansas Nebraska Act 1854

- debated Lincoln for Illinois Senate in 1858

Frederick Douglass

- former slave who advocated for abolitionism

- saw enlistment in the Union army as an opportunity to prove their citizenship

- the North Star

Jonathan Edwards

- sparks the Great Awakening with his sermons

- "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

Ralph Waldo Emerson

- Transcendentalism

- "The American Scholar" in 1837 at arvard challenged Americans to make their own art and culture

Charles Grandison Finney

- revival preacher who leads revivals in NY area in 1830s

- against slavery and alcohol

Benjamin Franklin

- wrote Poor Richard's Almanack which contained common sayings and phrases, and was more widely read in American and Europe than anything but the Bible

- experiments with science

- developed the Albany Plan of Union to help coordinate troops and collect taxes (promote colonial unity) during F & I War; Join or Die snake

John Fremont

- 1st Republican candidate for Presidency in the election of 1856

Robert Fulton

- developed steamboat Clermont in 1807

Albert Gallatin

- Secretary of Treasury under Jefferson's presidency in early 1800s

- reduced the national debt substanctially while balancing the budget

William Lloyd Garrison

- American Anti-Slavery Society called for immediate uncompensated emancipation

- "The Liberator"

Ulysses S. Grant

- wins much need Union victories in the West

Horace Greeley

- an American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican Party

- his NY Tribune was America's most influential paper which he used to promote the Whig and Republican parties as well as antislavery and a host of reforms

George Grenville

- Prime Minister of Britain

- advocated for acts to increase revenue and to consolidate colonial control which aroused resentment of settlers

- pushe the idea of "virtual representation"

Angelina & Sarah Grimke

- abolitionists

- wrote Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes (1837) objecting to male opposition tio their ant-slavery activities

Nathan Hale

- teacher from Connecticut that volunteered to spy on the British army during the Battle of Long Island by disguising himself as a school dutch man

Alexander Hamilton

- main writer of the Federalist Papers

- Secretary of Treasury in Washington's Presidential Cabinet

- the Hamilton financial plan

- loose interpreation of the Constitution

John Hancock

- amassed a fortune through smuggling

- patriot leader and president of the Second Continental Congress

- first person to sign the Declaration of Independence

Hinton Helper

- wrote the Impending Crisis of the South which he used to prove that non-slave owning whites suffered the most from slavery

Patrick Henry

- "Give me liberty or give me death"

Sam Houston

- wins decisive battle at San Jacinto during Texas Independence from Mexico

- first governor of Texas

Julia Ward Howe

- wrote Batlle Hymn of the Republic and infused abolitionist sentiment into the war rhetoric

- found American Women's Suffrage Association with Lucy Stone

Anne Hutchinson

- "antinomianism"

- challenged the accepted role of women within the church by openly speaking out against church leaders

- kicked out of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and went to Rhode Island

Washington Irving

- American author (Rumpelstiltskin, The Knickerbocker Tales such as The Legend of Sleepy Hollow)

- Nationalism after War of 1812; gained international recognition

Andrew Jackson

- crushed the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend 1814, effectively breaking the Indian rebellion and leaving the entire area east of the Mississippi open for safe settlement

- first common man president; from West; lost in the "Corrupt Bargain"

- Indian Removal Act of 1830

- vetoed the recharter of the 2nd BUS; vetoed a lot of things

Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson

- Confederate general

- earned his nickname at the Battle of the First Bull Run for standing courageously against union fire

John Jay

- First Chief Justice

- sent to England to negotiate when it caused the US problems (impressment & occupied forts); avoids war; Jay's Treaty

Thomas Jefferson

- drafted the formal Declaration of Independence

- Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

- Secretary of State in Washington's Presidential Cabinet; Jefferson Republicans strict interpretation of the Constitution

- Embargo Act

Andrew Johnson

- Vice President of Lincoln, takes over when he was assassinated; reconstuction period

- first pres to be impeached

Toussaint L'Ouverture

- led rebellion in Haiti against French; led to Napoleon's decision to sell Louisiana to gain cash to renew his war with Britain

Ann Lee

- brought the Shaker Movement to the US

Robert E. Lee

- leader of Confederate military during the Civil War

Abraham Lincoln

- became a national figure after the Lincoln Douglas Debates

- Republican wins pres for 1st time in election of 1869

- Emancipation Proclamation

John Locke

- said that everyone as natural rights and the power of gov is derived from popular consent

Elijah Lovejoy

- American Presbyterian minister, journalist, and newspaper editor who was murdered by a mob in Alton, Illinois for his abolitionist views

Mary Lyon

- opened the first women's college, Mount Holyoke Seminary, in the US

James Madison

- main writer of the Bill of Rights

- vetoed distributing funds to the states for internal improvement saying it was unconstitutional, so the states had to look for their own money for roads

Horace Mann

- Sec of Mass. Board of Education

- more schooling

William Marbury

- one of the midnight judicial appointees

- sued Madison

John Marshall

- Federalist beliefs; helped to bolster the power of gov at the expense of the states; Chief Justice; Marbury v Madison (1803)

Cyrus McCormick

- invents the McCormick reaper which cut and gather more crops

Herman Melville

- Moby Dick

Metacom (King Phillip)

- leader of the Wampangoags defeated by colonists, but slowed the colonial western march; end of major Native resistance to New England colonies

James Monroe

- elected in 1816; period of one politcal party (the Democratic Republicans)- "Era of Good Feelings"

- Monroe Doctrine

Samuel F. B. Morse

- invents telegraph in 1844

Judith Sargeant Murray

- women are just as good as men and deserve the right to an education, and earn own living etc.

James Otis

- lawyer that argued for "no taxation w/o representation"

Thomas Paine

- "Common Sense"

William Penn

- Quaker

- Pennsylania: religious toleration & freedom; rights for women and fair treatment to Native Amercians

Pocahontas

- daughter of Powhatan chief

- saved John Smith from death

- became intermediary between Indians and settlers helping to preserve peace and good relations

James K. Polk

- Dark Horse candidate; wins against Henry Clay in Election of 1844

- Manifest Destiny, 54 40 or fight

Edmund Randolph

- first ever attorney general

- introduced the Virginia Plan (Large State Plan) at the Constitutional Convention- bicameral (2 house) legislature; rep based on population size

George McClellan

- general of the Union forces; battle of Antietam

- lost against Lincoln in the 1864

William Seward

- slavery should be dealt with a "higher law" than Constitution

Pope

- pueblo revolt; pope's rebellion; destroyed Catholic churches

Paul Revere

- Boston Massacre propaganda

- midnight ride

- silversmith

Sacajawea

- Shoshoni woman who explored New Louisiana territory with Lewis and Clark

Daniel Shays

- rebellion of poor farmers (demands: lower taxes, end of foreclosures, paper S, end of imprisonment for debt)

- gov was too weak to put rebellion down and increased calls for a stronger central gov

William Tecumseh Sherman

- March to Sea

Samuel Slater

- 1790s "father of the factory system"

- memorized plans for machinery from England

John Smith

- saves Virginia

- "no work, no food"

Josepth Smith

- Mormons

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

- organized the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls

- led the National American Woman Suffrage Association

Thaddeus Stevens

- radical leader of the House of Rep during Reconstruction

Lucy Stone

- first woman to receive a college degree and the first to keep her maiden name

Harriet Beecher Stowe

- Uncle Tom's Cabin

Charles Sumner

- speech condemning events in "Bleeding Kansas"

- insults Senator of SC, so he was beat up

Mary Surratt

- convicted of taking part in the conspiracy to assassinate Lincon

- 1st woman executed by US gov