motor development theories

process of brain and spinal cord that govern posture and movements

motor control

aquisition of skill through practice and experience

motor learning

process of change in motor behavior over long time

motor development

motor ____ takes hours, days, weeks

learning

motor ____ takes months, years, decades

development

5 developmental areas

cognitive, social, adaptive, language, motor

two types of language

receptive and expressive

two types of motor tasks

gross and fine

Arnold Gesell pioneered what theory

neural-maturatioinist theories

neural-maturationist theory: stages of development occur as a result of _____ (_____), not altered by the _____, development spirals with periods of ____ and ____

CNS maturation, reflexes, environment, flexor/extensor dominance, symmetry/asymmetry

theory that assumes hierarchical control

neural maturationist

______ theories developed a basis for neruodevelopmental treatment

neural maturationist

Dr. Karel and Berta Bobath are responsible for ______

neurodevelopmental treatment

neurodevelopmental treatment

• ____ lesion cause loss of control from higher ___ centers causing _____ reflexes to become dominant

• focus on facilitating ____ movement patterns and inhibiting _____ patterns

CNS, CNS, primitative, normal, abnormal

problem with neurodevelopmental treatment - focused on ____ rather than _____

• children did not ____ without therapist hands on them

quality of movement, quantity, succeed

BF skinner is responsible for ____ theories

behavioral

behavioral theory: _____ learning is contingent on reinforcement from environment, individual ____ in own development, not ____

motor and cognitive, has a role, passive

Piaget is responsible for ____ theory

cognitive

cognitive theory

• alternate stages of _____ and _____

• development is interaction between _____ and _____

equilibrium, disequilibrium, cognitive-neural maturation, environment

cognitive theory stages

• 1st = _____

• then 4 stages = ____

reflexes, sensorimotor, representational thought, concrete operations, formal operations

cognitive theory stages - sensorimotor

• time = _____

• _____

18-24 months, repetition

cognitive theory stages - representational thought

• time = _____

• _____

2-6 yrs, language

cognitive theory stages - concrete

• time = _____

• _____

6-11 yrs, thought becomes reverable

cognitive theory stages - formal operations

• time = _____

• _____ thinking and ____ reasoning

11 yrs, logical, hypothetical

Ester Thelen is responsible for ____ theory

dynamic systems

dynamic systems theory

• _____ and ____ process, not hieratchy

• structures become progressively _____ to optimize ____

dynamical, functional, integrated, skilled function

dynamic systems theory has ______ component: includes _____, ____ and _____

internal, msk, sensory, arousal/motivation

dynamic systems theory has ____ context of the task are equivalent in determining the _____

external, outcome behavior

dynamic systems theory: stages of development are stages of _____ emerging from multiple ____ and developing at a ____

relative stability, systems, continuous rate

driving forces of dynamic systems theory

• individual recognizes benefits of _____ and selects most appropriate _____

• ____ and ____ parameters

• ____ gain

environment, response, order, control, weight

variables which represent the action of many systems to characterize coordinated behavior of a system

order parameters

variables which initiate change in a system

control parameters

dynamic systems theory believes that there are ____ blocks: ____ operating systems with individual rates of development, _____ exploration of environment

building, multiple, self motivated

two comtemporary control effects in pediatrics

degrees of freedom and CPGs

contemporary issues in understanding motor development

• _____ and ____ developmental direction

• _____ maturation

• neural _____ selection

• experience-_____ vs experience-_____ maturation

• _____ periods of development

• periodic equilibration in a _____ pattern

cephalocaudal, proximodistal, nervous system, group, expectant, dependent, sensitive, spiraling

cephalocaudal and proximodistal developmental direction

• we develop ____ to _____

• _____ control to ____ control to _____ control

head, foot, head, trunk, foot

____-____ inches at birth

19, 21

____% of adult height at 2 yrs

50

____ lbs at birth, ____ weight by 12 months

7 1/2, triple

brain is _____% of adult weight at birth and ____% of adult weight at 2 years

25, 75

order of skilled movement develops ____ to _____

proximal, distal

distal development is ____ and ____, if become weak _____, will impact _____

ongoing, inseparable, proximally, distally

control of midline structure proceeds ____

distaI

develop from asymmetric to _____

symmetric

____ movement is seen before _____ and trunk movements (aka ___ motor to _____ motor)

total body, head, trunk, gross, fine

sensiormotor maturation where can break up of movement patterns, head can turn without affecting whole body

dissociation

in general, mass movement comes before more ____ ones

discrete

develop from flexion to extension

• ____ position → voluntary ____

fetal, extension

flexors and extensors on same side of trunk work together for ____

lateral flexion

flexors and extensors on opposite side of trunk work together for _____

rotation

develop from stability to mobility

• ____ posture → ____ control

• ____ postural control → _____ postural control

stable, movement, static, dynamic

____ + ____ = postural control

mobility, stability

the use of muscular control

dynamic stability

____ system is a driving force in maturation according to Campbell

nervous

infant development includes

• 2 periods of ____ due to cell growth, migration, and death

• 2 periods of _____ due to selection of most effective patterns

variability, decreasing variability