Hormones and Endocrine System Ch.45

hormone

chemical secreted into circulatory system that acts as a signal to carry on information

endocrine system

system in the body that secretes hormones causing long-term responses to stimuli

endocrine glands

glands that secrete hormones

neurosecretory cells

type of neurons that secrete neurohormones

neurohormones

hormones produced by the nervous system

negative feedback

system that self-regulates because amount of output affects input, stimuli is detected by receptor that sends signal to control center that sends an efferent signal to effector that produces a counter response to the stimulus

patterns of hormonal control (list)

simple edocrine pathway, simple neurohormone pathway, simple neuroendocrine pathway

simple endocrine pathway

response to hormone

simple neurohormone pathway

response to neurohormone

simple neuroendocrine pathway

response to hormone and neurohomone

hormones in vertebrate (list three major classes)

proteins/peptides, amines from amino acids, steroids

steroid

type of hormone that can enter cells and hence cause changes in genetics and processes

intracellular receptors

proteins that bind to ligands and carry them across membrane

cytokines

local regulator involved in cell communication in immune system

growth factors

local regulators that stimulate cell growth

nitric oxide

local regulator that controls blood vessel width

prostaglandins

local regulators in charge of bodily functions and inflammatory responses (regulate platelet aggregation)

factros that effect the way a signal is interpreted

receptor type, transport pathway, and carrying proteins

hypothalamus hormones

released from posterior pituitary and regulate anterior pituitary

pituitary gland hormones

oxytocin → contraction of uterus and mammary gland cells

ADH → promotes retention of water in kidneys

GH → growth and metabolic function

PRL → milk production/secretion

FSH → ova and sperm production

LH → ovaries and testes stimulation

TSH → thyroid gland stimulation

ATCH → adrenal cortex secretion of glucocorticoids

thyroid gland hormones

T3/T4 → metabolic processes

calcitonin → lowers Ca levels

parathyroid glands hormones

PTH → raises Ca levels

pancreas hormones

insulin → lowers glucose levels

glucagon → raises glucose levels

adrenal gland hormones

epinephrine/nonepinephrine → raise glucose levels

glucocorticoids → raise glucose levels

mineralcorticoids → reabsorption of Na and excretion of K in kidneys

gonads hormones

adrogens → sperm formation and male development and male secondary sex characteristics

estrogens → uterine lining growth and female development and female secondary sex characteristics

progesterone → uterine lining growth

pineal gland hormones

melatonin → biological rhythms

hypothalamus information integration

secreting hormones generates electrical impulses

oxytosin

produced by posterior pituitary and causes uterine contractoin and milk production

ADH

produced by pituitary gland and enhanes water reabsorption in kidneys

tropic hormones

control release of hormones from anterior petuitary

FSH

tropic hormone in charge of sexual development

LH

tropic hormone in charge of reproductive system

TSH

tropic hormone that regulates metabolism

anterior pituitary nontropic hormones

induce physiological effect

growth hormone (binding sites)

it has 2

nonpituitary hormones

regulate homeostasis

thyroid hormone, pancreatic hormone, sex hormone, adrenal hormone

hypothyroidism

not enough thyroid hormone

hyperthyroidism

too much thyroid hormone

parathyroid hormone

Ca level maintanance and vitamin D activation

short term stress

basic physiological aspects of homeostasis affected (bp, breath rate, etc)

long term stress

affects major parts of systems (glucose/sodium levels etc)

glucocorticoids

hormones that affect glucose levels and immune system

mineralcorticoids

hormones that affect sodium levels and blood volume/pressure

gonadal sex hormones

testosterone and estrogen

gonads

testes, ovaries

pineal gland

gland located in brain that secretes melatonin

melatonin

hormone controlling sleep-wake cycle