psych unit 3 and 4

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76 Terms

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Sensation

Detection of stimuli by sensory organs.

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Perception

Interpretation of sensory information by the brain.

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Absolute Threshold

The minimum stimulus intensity detected 50% of the time.

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Difference Threshold

The smallest detectable difference between two stimuli.

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Weber’s Law

The principle that the difference threshold is proportional to the stimulus intensity.

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Fechner’s Law

Perceived intensity increases logarithmically with actual stimulus intensity.

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Signal Detection Theory

Explains how stimuli are detected amidst background noise, considering both sensitivity and decision-making.

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Adaptation

Decreased sensitivity to constant stimuli over time.

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Habituation

Decreased response to repeated, non-threatening stimuli.

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Perceptual Set

The predisposition to perceive stimuli in a certain way.

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Selective Attention

Focusing on specific stimuli while ignoring others.

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Parts of the Eye (Pathway of Light)

Light passes through the cornea, pupil, lens, and retina.

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Rods

Photoreceptors in the retina sensitive to low light and peripheral vision.

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Cones

Photoreceptors in the retina responsible for color vision and detail.

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Visual Agnosia

Inability to recognize objects despite normal vision.

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Trichromatic Theory

Color vision based on three types of cones sensitive to red, green, and blue.

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Opponent Processing Theory

Color perception is controlled by opposing pairs (e.g., red-green, blue-yellow).

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Subtractive vs. Additive Color Mixing

Subtractive mixing removes wavelengths; additive mixing adds them.

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Phi Phenomenon

Perception of motion from sequential static images.

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Figure-Ground Perception

The ability to distinguish an object from its background.

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Gestalt Beliefs of Perception

The brain organizes patterns into a whole rather than individual parts.

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Binocular Disparity and Depth Cues

The difference in images between two eyes provides depth perception.

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Monocular Depth Cues

Depth cues available to one eye alone.

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Visual Cliff

A test to assess depth perception in infants.

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Perceptual Constancies (Shape, Color, Size)

Perception of objects as unchanging despite changes in sensory input.

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Distal Stimulus

The actual object in the environment.

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Proximal Stimulus

The image on the retina or sensory receptors.

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Feature Analysis Theory

Perception is built from analyzing individual features.

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Nearsightedness vs. Farsightedness

Vision conditions where the eye focuses light incorrectly, causing blurry vision.

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Parts of the Ear (Pathway of Sound)

Sound travels through the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear (cochlea) to be processed.

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Perceptive Deafness

Hearing loss due to damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve.

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Conductive Deafness

Hearing loss due to problems in the outer or middle ear.

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Vestibular System

The system responsible for balance and spatial orientation.

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Place Theory

Different frequencies stimulate different places on the basilar membrane.

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Volley Theory

Groups of neurons fire in volleys to encode high-frequency sounds.

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Frequency Theory

The frequency of nerve impulses corresponds to the frequency of a tone.

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Cocktail Party Effect

The ability to focus on one voice among many in a noisy environment.

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Dichotic Listening

A task in which different audio streams are presented to each ear.

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Gustatory System

The sensory system responsible for taste.

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Olfactory System

The sensory system responsible for smell.

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Sensation of Touch

The perception of pressure, temperature, and pain via skin receptors.

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Oleogustus

The taste of fat.

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Gate Control Theory

The theory that pain signals are modulated by the spinal cord, which acts as a gate.

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Kinesthetic System

The sensory system responsible for detecting body position and movement.

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Synesthesia

A condition where stimulation of one sense leads to involuntary experiences in another sense.

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Prosopagnosia

Inability to recognize faces despite normal vision.

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Pheromones

Chemicals released by the body that affect the behavior of others of the same species.

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Phantom Limb Sensation

The perception of sensations, including pain, in a limb that has been amputated.

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Circadian Rhythm

The body's 24-hour internal clock that regulates cycles of sleep and wakefulness.

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Alpha Waves

Slow brain waves that appear when a person is in a relaxed, awake state.

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Beta Waves

Fast brain waves that occur during alert, focused states.

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Stage 1 Sleep

The lightest sleep stage, where a person can easily be awakened; involves the transition from wakefulness to sleep.

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Stage 2 Sleep

A deeper stage of sleep characterized by sleep spindles (bursts of brain activity) and K-complexes.

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Stage 3 Sleep

Deep sleep marked by delta waves, often considered the most restorative sleep stage.

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REM Sleep

Rapid eye movement sleep, where vivid dreaming occurs, and brain activity resembles wakefulness.

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Activation-Synthesis Model

Theory suggesting that dreams result from the brain’s attempt to make sense of random neural activity during sleep.

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Hypnagogic Sensations

Sensory experiences, like falling or floating, that occur as a person transitions to sleep.

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Paradoxical Sleep

Another name for REM sleep, where the brain is active, but the body remains mostly paralyzed.

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Restorative Theory of Sleep

Theory that sleep allows the body and brain to repair and rejuvenate.

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REM Rebound

The increase in REM sleep after a period of REM sleep deprivation.

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Microsleeps

Brief, unintended episodes of sleep, lasting a few seconds, that occur during wakefulness.

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Insomnia

Difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or getting restful sleep.

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Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by sudden and uncontrollable episodes of sleep during waking hours.

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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

A disorder where individuals physically act out dreams due to a lack of typical REM sleep paralysis.

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Night Terrors

Episodes of intense fear, flailing, and screaming during sleep, typically occurring in children and in deep sleep.

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Somnambulism (Sleepwalking)

Engaging in complex behaviors like walking while in a sleep state.

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Sleep Apnea

A disorder characterized by repeated interruptions in breathing during sleep.

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Age-Related Sleep Patterns

Changes in sleep architecture and duration that occur with age.

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Psychoactive Drugs

Substances that alter mood, perception, and cognitive functions.

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Narcotics

Drugs derived from opium that relieve pain and may produce euphoria; often addictive.

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Sedatives

Drugs that depress the central nervous system and induce relaxation or sleep.

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Stimulants

Drugs that increase central nervous system activity, leading to greater alertness and energy.

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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A part of the hypothalamus responsible for controlling circadian rhythms.

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Pineal Gland

A small gland in the brain that produces melatonin, influencing sleep patterns.

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Hallucinogens

Drugs that cause alterations in perception, thoughts, and feelings, often leading to hallucinations.

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Melatonin

A hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates sleep-wake cycles.