Management Principles and History

Flashcards covering key management concepts, roles, functions, historical theories, early advocates, behavioral sciences, and contemporary managerial challenges from Chapter 1 and Chapter 2.

What is a manager?

A manager is someone who coordinates and oversees the work of other people to achieve organizational goals.

What three essential characteristics make up an organization as shown in the diagram?

Distinct Purpose, Deliberate Structure, and People.

How are managerial levels classified within an organization?

First-Line Managers (manage non-managerial employees), Middle Managers (manage first-line managers), and Top Managers (responsible for organization-wide decisions and goals).

According to the framework, what is the difference between efficiency and effectiveness in management?

Efficiency focuses on the means and resource usage to minimize waste (low waste), while effectiveness focuses on the ends and goal attainment to maximize results (high attainment).

What are the four primary management functions?

Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling.

What are Mintzberg's ten managerial roles categorized into?

Interpersonal Roles (Figurehead, Leader, Liaison), Informational Roles (Monitor, Disseminator, Spokesperson), and Decisional Roles (Entrepreneur, Disturbance Handler, Resource Allocator, Negotiator).

How do required management skills shift across organizational levels?

Top managers rely most on conceptual skills, lower-level managers rely most on technical skills, and interpersonal skills are equally vital across all management levels.

What is meant by the 'Universality of Management'?

Management is needed in all sizes of organizations, all types of organizations (profit and not-for-profit), all organization levels, and all organizational areas.

What is digital transformation in the context of modern managerial challenges?

Digital transformation involves rethinking how to use technology, people, and processes to accomplish work.

What is division of labor, also known as job specialization?

Breaking down jobs into narrow and repetitive tasks to increase output and efficiency.

Who is Frederick Winslow Taylor and what principles did he propose?

He developed Scientific Management, proposing 4 principles: developing a science for each element of work, scientifically selecting/training workers, cooperating with workers, and dividing work/responsibility equally between management and workers.

What six characteristics define Max Weber's ideal bureaucracy?

Division of Labor, Authority Hierarchy, Formal Selection, Formal Rules and Regulations, Impersonality, and Career Orientation.

Who were the early advocates of the social person approach to management?

Robert Owen, Louis Brandeis, Hugo Münsterberg, Mary Parker Follett, and Chester Barnard.

How does the traditional view of authority differ from Chester Barnard's acceptance view of authority?

The traditional view holds that authority originates at the top and moves down, whereas the acceptance view holds that authority comes from the willingness of subordinates to accept it.

What key conclusions were reached by the Hawthorne Studies?

1) People's attitudes and behavior are closely related; 2) Group factors significantly affect individual behavior; 3) Group standards establish worker output; 4) Money is less of a factor than group standards, attitudes, and security.

What core belief defined the Human Relations Movement and who were its key contributors?

The core belief was that a satisfied worker is a productive worker. Key figures included Dale Carnegie, Abraham Maslow, and Douglas McGregor.

Which researchers were key behavioral science theorists in management history?

Fred Fiedler, Victor Vroom, Frederick Herzberg, Edwin Locke, David McClelland, Robert House, and Richard Hackman.

What is Total Quality Management (TQM)?

A philosophy of management driven by continuous improvement and responsiveness to customer needs and expectations.

How does an organization operate as an Open System according to Exhibit 2-5?

It takes Inputs from the environment, processes them via a Transformation Process into Outputs, interacts continuously with the external Environment, and uses Feedback to adjust.

What is the main premise of Contingency Theory?

A management approach recognizing that organizations face different situations (contingencies) and require different ways of managing, meaning there are no universal rules.

What four popular contingency variables affect organizational management?

Organization size, Routineness of task technology, Environmental uncertainty, and Individual differences.

What is ESG reporting in modern business sustainability?

Frameworks that measure and quantify a company's commitment to environmental sustainability, social responsibility, and good corporate governance.