Messenger RNA

The types (versions) of proteins that cells can make from one gene is increased by…

Alternative Splicing

During messenger RNA processing in the nucleus, which process removes introns from the messenger RNA to make mature mRNA?

Splicing

After splicing, which nucleotide sequences in the mature mRNA determine the sequence of the amino acids in the protein the gene encodes?

Exons

Which structure removes the introns from the mRNA and bonds the remaining exons together to form mature mRNA?

Spliceosome

Beta-thalassemia

Colorectal Cancer

Neurological disorders (Types of Autism spectrum disorders)

These medical conditions are caused by defects in…

The Splicing Process in the nucleus

Where do chemical modifications to mRNA (“Transcript”) occur in the cell?

Nucleus

The ___is added to the 5’ end of the mRNA

“G-Cap”

What is added to the 3’ end of mRNA?

“Poly-A Tail”

What enzymes attach the GTP molecule 5’ end of mRNA to form the 5’ G-Cap?

Capping Enzyme Complex

What enzyme attaches adenine nucleotides to the 3’ end of mRNA to form the 3’ Poly-A Tail?

Polyadenylate Polymerase

The three functions of the 5’ G-Cap and 3’ Poly-A Tail

Enable the mRNA to export from the ___ to the ___

Increase mRNA ___ by preventing its ___ by RNases

Enable ___ to interact with RNA

Nucleus; Cytoplasm

Stability; Degradation

Ribosomes

The Spliceosome enzyme complex removes ___ from mRNA and links the remaining ___ together to form the ___ mRNA

Introns; Exons; Mature

Introns in the protein-coding gene form ~24% of the ___ ___

Human Genome

The ___ ___ ___ that mediate nucleocytoplasmic transport consist of ~ 100,000 proteins

Nuclear Pore Complexes (NPCs)

Alternative splicing enables the cells to produce multiple different exon and amino acids sequences with different functions from…

One gene

What enables eukaryotes to make a protein specialized for a cell type or environmental factor?

Alternative Splicing

~95% of mammalian genes produce “___ ___”

“Alternative Transcripts”

Defective splicing may cause ~___% of genetic disorders

50

One defective ___ ___ changes the splicing patters for more than 100 mRNA molecules.

Regulatory Protein

The Spliceosome is the enzyme complex that performs…

Splicing

What “translates” the mature mRNA to synthesize proteins?

Ribosomes

The spliceosome consists of ___ and ___ molecules.

Protein; specialized RNA molecules

Which sequences in mature mRNa determine the amino acid sequence of the protein?

Exons

What is produced after splicing?

Mature mRNA

Introns that splice themselves out of mRNA are facilitated by what enzyme?

Ribosomes