chem 105 test 1 (clarke)

chem 105 test 1 materials: polyatomic ions, charges, units, etc

ammonium

ammonium

NH4^+

acetate

C2H3O2^-

cyanide

CN^-

hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)

HCO3^-

carbonate

CO3^2-

hypochlorite

ClO^-

chlorite

ClO2^-

chlorate

ClO3^-

perchlorate

ClO4^-

chromate

CrO4^2-

dichromate

Cr2O7^2-

permanganate

MnO4^-

nitrite

NO2^-

nitrate

NO3^-

hydroxide

OH^-

peroxide

O2^2-

dihydrogen phosphate

H2PO4^-

hydrogen phosphate

HPO4^2-

phosphate

PO4^3-

sulfite

SO3^2-

hydrogen sulfate (bisulfate)

HSO4^-

sulfate

SO4^2-

mono

1

di

2

tri

3

tetra

4

penta

5

hexa

6

hepta

7

octa

8

nona

9

deca

10

Tera (T)

10^12

Giga (G)

10^9

Mega (M)

10^6

Kilo (k)

10³

deci (d)

10^-1

centi (c)

10^-2

milli (m)

10^-3

micro (µ)

10^-6

nano (n)

10^-9

pico (p)

10^-12

cation

positive

anion

negative

covalent bond

A covalent bond is a chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons. It occurs between nonmetal atoms and results in a stable molecule. Covalent bonds can be polar or nonpolar, depending on the electronegativity difference between the atoms. They are strong and require energy to break.

ionic bond

Type of chemical bond formed between oppositely charged ions. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in a positively charged cation and a negatively charged anion. Strong electrostatic attraction holds the ions together.

hydrogen bond

Type of intermolecular bond formed between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom (like oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine). It is weaker than a covalent bond but stronger than a regular dipole-dipole interaction. Hydrogen bonds play a crucial role in many biological processes, such as DNA structure and protein folding.

density =

mass/volume