AP HUGE Unit 2

Population distribution

Where people live and how they are spread out

Population density

Number of people living in a given area

Midlatitudes

Areas between the tropics and polar regions

Social stratification

Division of society into social classes

Arithmetic population density

$$\text{total population} \div \text{total land area}$$

Physiological population density

$$\text{total population} \div \text{arable land}$$

Agricultural population density

$$\text{number of farmers} \div \text{arable land}$$

Arable

Land suitable for farming

Redistricting

Redrawing voting district boundaries

Infrastructure

Structures and services needed for society to function

Overpopulation

More people than an area's resources can support

Carrying capacity

Largest population an area can support

Age-sex composition graph

Graph showing population by age and sex

Population pyramid

Graph showing the age and sex of a population

Cohorts

Groups of people in the same age range

Birth deficit

Period when fewer children are born

Baby boom

Period of unusually high birth rates

Baby bust

Period of lower birth rates after a baby boom

Echo

Increase in births when baby boomers have children

Potential workforce

People ages $15$–$64$ who can work

Dependent population

People under $15$ or over $64$

Dependency ratio

Ratio of dependents to working-age people

Demographic balancing equation

$$\text{population change} = (\text{births} - \text{deaths}) + (\text{immigration} - \text{emigration})$$

Immigrants

People who move into a country

Emigrants

People who move out of a country

Life expectancy

Average number of years a person is expected to live

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

Infant deaths per $1,000$ live births

Crude birth rate (CBR)

Live births per $1,000$ people per year

Crude death rate (CDR)

Deaths per $1,000$ people per year

Total fertility rate (TFR)

Average number of children a woman is expected to have

Rate of natural increase (RNI)

Population growth from births minus deaths

Population doubling time

Time it takes a population to double

Demographic transition model (DTM)

Model showing population change as a country develops

Demographic momentum

Continued growth after birth rates fall because many young people reach childbearing age

Epidemiological transition model (ETM)

Model showing how causes of disease and death change as a country develops

Malthusian theory

Population grows faster than food supply, causing shortages

Boserup theory

Population growth encourages technology that increases food production

Neo-Malthusians

People who believe population growth can cause resource and environmental problems

Antinatalist policies

Government policies meant to reduce birth rates

Pronatalist policies

Government policies meant to increase birth rates

Gender preference

Favoring children of one sex over another

One-child policy

China's former policy generally limiting families to one child

Migration

Moving to a new place

Voluntary migration

Choosing to move

Push factor

Reason to leave a place

Pull factor

Reason to move to a place

Immigrant

Person moving into a country

Emigrant

Person moving out of a country

Emigrate

To move out of a country

Migration transition model

Model showing how migration changes as countries develop

Intervening obstacle

Barrier that makes migration more difficult

Intervening opportunity

Closer opportunity that changes a migrant's destination

Distance decay

Farther places attract fewer migrants

Gravity model

Larger and closer places attract more migrants

Step migration

Moving to a destination in stages

Rural-to-urban migration

Moving from the countryside to a city

Counter migration

Migration in the opposite direction

Return migration

Moving back home

Forced migration

Being forced to move

Internally displaced persons (IDPs)

People forced to move within their country

Refugee

Person forced to flee to another country

Asylum

Protection given by another country

Internal migration

Moving within a country

Transnational migration

Moving abroad while keeping home-country ties

Chain migration

Following family or friends to a new place

Guest workers

Temporary foreign workers

Transhumance

Seasonal movement of people and livestock

Guest-worker policies

Programs allowing temporary work in another country

Family reunification

Policy allowing immigrants' family members to join them

Xenophobia

Fear or dislike of foreigners or other cultures

Remittances

Money migrants send back to their home country

Brain drain

Loss of skilled or educated workers through migration

Ethnic enclaves

Areas where people of the same ethnic group live together