Gene Regulation, Cell Cycle, and Programmed Cell Death

DNA transcribed to RNA translated to Protein

Explain the "Central Dogma of Molecular Biology"

G1: cells grow in size, accumulate ATP, and cells that cease division do not continue

S: chromosome replication and transcription ceases

G2: ATP is restored in preparation for distribution of chromosomes and organelles between the daughter cells

Identify the molecular events that occur during each phase of the Cell Cycle

landmark phases of the cell cycle are controlled by cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases (Cdk)

Recognize the types of mechanisms that control progression through the Cell Cycle

Errors can occurring due to timing, magnitude of transcription rate, or the fidelity of base-pairing

Recognize the types of errors that can occur during gene transcription, DNA replication, and chromosome segregation

DNA damage is detected by specialized pathways in the nucleus, transduced, then either repaired, cell cycle is arrested, transcription of the damage-responsive genes, or apoptosis. Failure can result in genomic instability, birth defects, genetic diseases, and cancer

Describe the requirements for effective repair of errors and the consequences of ineffective repair

M-Phase Checkpoints:

Detect failure in spindle fibers arresting the cell at metaphase

Detect improper spindle fiber alignment and block cytokinesis

Trigger apoptosis

Describe the function of cell cycle checkpoints