Geography Paper 2 SECTION A - LAGOS CS

urbanisation

• increase in people living in urban areas in contrast to rural areas

• push ➡ conflict, natural hazard, lack of employment

• pull ➡ education, healthcare, inc QOL

• natural increase (birth rate exceeds death rate) ➡ inc in BR due to lack of family planning/contraception, higher percentage of population at childbearing age

• ➡ dec in DR due to higher life expectancy and better living conditions

megacity

• urban area with 10m ppl +

• amount expected to increase from 28 to 41 by 2030

lagos location and importance

• southwest of Nigeria on coast of the Gulf of Guinea

• Nigeria’s centre of trade + commerce despite not being capital city anymore (now Abuja is)

• contains major international airport

• population ➡ 15m

• GDP ➡ £18b per year

• 68% Christian

pull factors to urban Lagos

• 68% of Lagos’ population has secondary education - 40% don’t even have primary education in rural

• University of Lagos ➡ 50:50 ratio M:F

• 354 hospitals + clinics in Lagos state

push factors from rural Lagos

• limited econ dvlpmt due to farming being main industry

• poor soil quality ➡ erosion caused by overgrazing + over cultivation

• land in Niger Delta polluted by oil industry

Eko Atlantic

• Lagos building new city

• destined to be new financial hub of W Africa

• home to 1/4 million ppl + employ 15000 more

growth causes inequality

• over 60% of Lagos’ population live in squatter settlements

• most work in informal econ and live on less than $1.25 a day

advantages of location for industry

• transformed from a small fishing village into a busy seaport

• Lagos lagoon provides a good, sheltered harbour for shipping

• has major international airport ➡ main arrival point for 80% of flights into west Africa

Lagos’ contribution to Nigerian economy

• contributes to 30% of Nigeria’s GDP

• 78% tertiary industry ➡ Lagos, 55% tertiary industry ➡ Nigeria

benefits of informal econ

• 90% of new jobs in Lagos created in informal

• waste recycling is a major job

• people make their own opportunities ➡ no unemployment benefits

problems with informal econ

• underpaid (people work 12+ hrs)

• low productivity'

• limit to n.o of jobs that can be created

• ppl don’t pay tax

• dangerous jobs

Makoko slums

• houses built on stilts in water

• canal is waste dump (faeces) ➡ restricts water flow + prevents marine life

• frequent power cuts/no electricity ➡ BUT 2 new power stations planned to be built

• 52% lack either kitchen/bath/toilet

• 75% households live in one room

• 11% access to piped water

impact of rising sea levels

• Lagos ➡ coastal location

• quick to flood, slow to drain

• wet, tropical climate ➡ over 2000 mm rainfall

• squatter settlements built w/o proper drainage

traffic congestion

• average Lagosian commuter spends 3+ hrs in traffic every day ➡ makes Lagos one of the most congested cities in the world

• 40% of new cars in Nigeria are registered in Lagos

• fatal accident rate ➡ 28 per 100000 ppl (3x higher than European cities)

• air pollution rates 5x higher than nationally recommended limit

reduce traffic congestion

• Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority (LAMATA)

• Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system ➡ provides separate lane for buses to reduce travel times ➡ 200000 ppl use the service every day ➡ avg wait time is only 10 mins ➡ 2000 new jobs

• 1 BRT route is inadequate

transport master plan

• plans for a network of 7 new rail lines ➡ Lagos Rail Mass Transit (LRMT)

  ➡ phase 1 of blue line supposed to be completed in 2011 but only opened in 2023 (funding)

  ➡ cost $1.2 bn (over ½ of a years budget)

  ➡ 500000 per day

• traffic apps

  ➡ police checkpoints, real time traffic info, accidents

• 26 water transport routes

• new airport on the Lekki Peninsula ➡ further from congested urban area

• better walking/cycling facilities

neighbourhood hotspots

• biogas technology

  ➡ low-tech + robust

  ➡ simple to implement

  ➡ easy to maintain

  ➡ renewable

• education on healthcare for women

• multipurpose infrastructure

  ➡ biogas cooking, home grown food, simple water harvesting, water filter system, toilets + showers, doctors room

• waste converted to fertiliser for agriculture

• BUT only 1 hotspot atm for 100000+ residents

major problems

• growing population

• population density

• rising sea level

• water supply

• power supply

floating school

• 2014 ➡ classrooms that can host lessons for up to 60 children at a time + also used as community center (collapsed June 2016 but nobody needs to know that)

• prototype for the sort of structures that can could help house the ppl of Makoko

primary healthcare project

• focus on mothers, newborn, and child healthcare

• 34 trained traditional healers + traditional birth attendants

• medical inventory of database of diseases

• community health outreach program