Urinary, Reproductive, Endocrine, and Immune Systems

Where are the kidneys located?

on either side of your spine, below your ribs and behind your belly

Peristalsis

involuntary waves of muscle contraction keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system

Polyuria

increased urine output

Oliguria

decreased urine output

Dysuria

painful urine output

Anuria

no urine output

Hematuria

blood in the urine

Pyuria

pus in the urine

Proteinuria

protein in the urine

Kidneys

filter wastes from the blood and excretes them along with water as urine

Ureters

muscular tubes which can propel urine along by the motions of peristalsis

Bladder (urinary)

collects urine excreted by the kidneys prior to disposal by urination

Urethra (bladder)

tube through which urine leaves the body

What are the components of the renal tubule?

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, and distal convoluted tubule

urinary tract infections

a bacterial infection which affects any part of the urinary tract

cystitis

infection of the bladder or lower urinary tract

glomerulonephritis

inflammation of the glomeruli

incontinence

the inability to hold urine in the bladder

kidney stones

solid concretions of dissolved minerals in urine which can cause obstruction of the ureter

renal failure

kidneys are unable to remove wastewater from the blood or balance fluids and electrolytes in the body

Ovary

produce hormones that aid in the development of the reproductive organs and secondary sexual characteristics

Fallopian tube

tubes which transport the ovum or egg to the uterus

Uterus

organ for menstruation; allows for the development and the growth of the fetus; and contracts to aid in the expulsion of the fetus

Bladder (reproductive)

stores urine

Urethra (reproductive)

passageway for eliminating urine and semen

Vagina

passageway for menstrual flow and sperm; also functions as the birth canal

Cervix

passageway for menstrual flow and sperm; also functions as the birth canal

Rectum

holds stool

Scrotum

holds, protects, and regulates the temperature of testes

Testicle

produces sperm and testosterone

Epididymis

stores, transmits, and matures sperm

Vas deferens

connects the epididymis and the urethra and serves as the excretory ducts for the testes

Bulbourethral gland

secretes mucus and an alkaline fluid

Seminal vesicle

secretes fluids which nourish the sperm and increase their mobility and makes up part of the semen

Bladder

stores urine

Prostate gland

secretes a milky alkaline fluid into the semen which increases the mobility of sperm

Urethra

connects the bladder to the urinary meatus to allow urine to pass out of the body

Penis

carries semen and urine outside of the body

Endometrium

inner layer; provides for implanted fertilized ovum and aids in the development of the fetus

Myometrium

middle layer made of muscle; useful during childbirth

Perimetrium

outer layer; provides lubrication to help reduce friction

Placenta

organ that nourishes the fetus

Ovum

female sex cell

Contraction

tightening of the muscles of the uterus

Obestrician

medical doctors who specialize in the care of pregnant women and in delivering babies

Certified Nurse Midwife

educated in both nursing and midwifery

Endocrinologist

physician who studies and treats diseases of the endocrine system

Prostatic Hypertrophy & Cancer

enlargement of the prostate

Testicular Cancer

an abnormal cell growth in the testes

Breast Tumors

can be benign or malignant; symptoms include lump/mass in breast size, change in breast size or shame, and discharge from nipple

Endometriosis

abnormal growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus

Ovarian Cancer

one of the most common causes of cancer deaths in women

Osteoporosis

bone mineral density is reduced, bone micro-structure is disrupted and amount and variety of proteins in bone are altered

Type I

insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or juvenile onset diabetes, often caused by inherited immune disorder that destroys pancreatic cells

Type II

mature onset diabetes (usually after the age of 40), often individuals are overweight, can be controlled with diet and exercise

Diabetes inspidus

an uncommon condition that occurs when the kidneys are unable to conserve water as they perform their function of filtering blood

Gestational diabetes

glucose levels increase in a pregnant woman's blood

growth hormone

stimulates growth in childhood and maintaining muscle mass and bone bass

Oxytocin

causes milk letdown in nursing mothers and contractions during childbirth

ACTH-adrenocorticotropic hormone

stimulates production of cortisol by the adrenal glands

Thyroid Stimulating hormone

stimulates the thyroid gland to make thyroid hormones which control the baby's metabolism, energy, growth and development

Melatonin

helps control the body's sleep cycle

Prolactin

stimulates milk production and can affect sex hormone levels

Insulin

decreases blood sugar concentrations and affects the uptake of glucose by cells

Glucagon

stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and raises blood sugar

Antidiuretic hormone

stores in the back part of the pituitary gland and regulates water balance

Adrenal glands

produce adrenaline

Thyroid

secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and appetite

Thymus

secretes thymosin

Testes/Ovaries (Gonadotropins)

secretes LH and FSH

Hormones

chemical messengers

Glands

organs that make one or more substances

Hyperglycemia

high blood sugar

Hypoglycemia

low blood sugar

Exophthalmos

bulging eyes

Diabetes Insipidus

an uncommon condition that occurs when the kidneys are unable to conserve water as they perform their function of filtering blood

Goiter

lack of iodine causes a swelling of the thyroid

Hyperthyroidism

an over-production of thyroid hormone which causes enlargement of the thyroid

Antigen

any substance which can trigger an immune response

Antibody

molecules created by the body to attach to and destroy antigens

Phagocyte

large, cell and particle devouring white-blood cells

Innate immunity

the basic resistance to disease a species possesses

Natural adaptive immunity antigen

the response the body has due to it's "memory" of the antigen from either an active or passive immunity

Artifical adaptive immunity

received due to either a vaccination or immunization

What are the structures of the immune/lymphatic system?

tonsils, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and bone marrow

Where do T cells develop?

thymus

Where do erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes originate?

bone marrow

Helper T cells

activate immune cells by communication

Regulatory T cells

supresses immune cells

Memory T cells

serve as a collection of information on how to kill a particular antigen

Cytotoxic/Killer T cells

directly attack cells carrying foreign or abnormal molecules on their surface

Measles

a highly contagious virus transmitted by breathing the air after an infection person coughs, sneezes or talks

Mumps

caused by a virus which affects thr glands of the body especially the parotid salivary glands

Rubella

a disease caused by the rubella virus

Tetanus

an acute, sometimes fatal disease oft he central nervous system