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Prescriptive grammar
standard, technical grammar, how it ought to be
Descriptive grammar
how the rules are used in daily life
Mental grammar
idiolect, grammatical rules encoded in brain, individual
Idiolect
person-specific set of mental rules, associated with mental grammar
Semiotics
the study of sign systems, Suassure 1916
Signifier
abstract representation - stimulates a sense organ of the receiver of a message, can be a picture/photograph/sign language gesture/word
Signified
real-world thing - refers to the real world object and conceptual context
Iconic signs
a depiction, some resemblance between signifier and signified (ex: tally marks)
Indexical signs
signifier pointing out, a sample of signified (ex: smoke→ fire)
Symbolic signs
arbitrary relationship (ex: traffic lights)
Graded sign structure
convey meaning by changes in degree (ex: voice volume, hands of clock)
Discrete sign structure
distinguished by categorical, stepwise differences, no gradual transition (ex: words of human language like stop→go)
Animal Communication
most animal communication is said to show little arbitrariness, largely iconic/symptomatic, lack symbols in sign repertory, not deliberate or stimulus-bound
Language vs. Dialect
Dialects have mutual intelligibility, can equally understand each other, while languages cant
