21st lit

PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD

- existed before the Spanish occupation in the 1500s

- Oral in nature,is full of lessons, and ideas about life

- Contains ideas from birth to the grave

1. Oral Literature

2. Folk Songs

3. Folk Tales

forms of literature during pre-colonial period

RIDDLES

- A question, a puzzle, a phrase, or a statement devised to get unexpected answers

- folklore genre as well as rhetorical device

- Often have double meanings

- Example: Heto na si kaka, bubuka-bukaka (gunting)

PROVERBS

- short saying or piece of folk wisdom

- Often use metaphors or creative imagery to express broader truth

- Example: Kung may tiyaga, may nilaga

LULLABIES

Song or folk poem meant to help a child fall asleep.

DRINKING SONGS

Typically sung during drinking sesh.

RELIGIOUS SONGS

Songs or chants that are usually given during exorcisms and thanksgiving during good harvest

LOVE SONG

- Also known as kundimans or "Harana"

- Usually sang during courtships

SONGS OF DEATH

lamentations that contain the roll of good deeds that the dead has done to immortalize his or her good image

FOLK TALES (KUWENTONG BAYAN)

- Short traditional stories passed down orally within communities.

- Explain natural phenomena, teach moral lessons, and celebrate cultural heroes

MYTHS

- Concerning the early history of a people or explaining some natural or social phenomenon

- Typically involving supernatural beings

LEGENDS

Traditional story ; popularly regarded as historical but unauthenticated.

FABLES

- narrative form, usually featuring animals that behave as human beings

- Told in order to highlight human follies and weaknesses.

SPANISH PERIOD

immediate shift on focus of literature: Christian-faith centered and natural phenomena stories became about the lives of the saints and other religious hymns

PASYON

About the passion and death of Jesus Christ

CORRIDO

legendary religious narrative form that usually details the lives of saints

SENAKULO

Re-enactment of the passion of the Christ

AWIT

chivalric poem about a hero, usually a saint. ; sung in religious processions

MORO-MORO

Comedia de capa y Espada is a blood-and-thunder melodrama depicting the conflict of Christians and Muslims

TIBAG

dramatic re-enactment of St. Helena's search for the Holy cross

CARILLO

play that uses shadows as its main spectacle

DUPLO AT KARAGATAN

native dramas that are connected to the Catholic mourning rituals and harvest celebrations

PROPAGANDA LITERATURE

- body of writing created by Filipino reformists to:

1. raise awareness and injustices

2. peacefully demand reforms

- works were non-violent, rational, and political

- Aim: Equality, freedom, and justice

- Equality before the law for Filipinos and Spaniards

- Representation of the Philippines in the parliament.

- Secularization of Philippine parishes.

- Freedom of speech, assembly, and the press.

- Recognition of Filipino cultural and intellectual identity

GOALS

Essays and Articles

Appeared in reformist newspapers and journals

Novels and Fiction

Used as tools to indirectly criticize the abuses of the Spaniards

Speeches and Letters

Addressed to Spanish authorities or public readers

Newspapers and Pamphlets

Distributed in Spain and secretly in the Philippines.

LA SOLIDARIDAD

- fortnightly newspaper published in Spain.

- main organ of the Propaganda Movement.

- Discussed politics, colonial abuses, education, economy, and civil liberties.

Graciano López Jaena

First editor and powerful orator; known for "Fray Botod", a satirical essay exposing corrupt friars.

Marcelo H. del Pilar

Second editor; wrote under the pen name Plaridel; known for essays like "Dasalan at Tocsohan" and "Caiigat Cayo".

José Rizal

Contributed analytical essays and letters; best known for his novels

- Noli Me Tangere (1887)

- El Filibusterismo (1891)

REVOLUTIONARY LITERATURE

- body of writing that supported, inspired, or directly advocated for revolution and independence

- work were bold, emotional, and nationalistic

- Produced to rouse the masses and support the armed struggle

- tool of inspiration and weapon of resistance

1890s ; Propaganda Movement

Emerged in the ____ after the failure of the ________ to gain reforms from Spain.

REVOLUTIONARY LITERATURE

- peaceful advocacy had limits, turned to armed revolution

- Founding of the Katipunan

- Literature: urgent need to resist, unite Filipinos, and inspire courage in the face of colonial oppression.

- Poetry

- Speeches and Manifestos

- Pamphlets and newspaper articles

- Plays and songs

FORMS OF REVOLUTIONARY LITERATURE

Poetry

to rouse emotion and patriotism

Speeches and Manifestos

to call the people to action

Pamphlets and newspaper articles -

to spread revolutionary ideals

Plays and songs

easily understood and emotionally powerful for a largely non-literate population.

ANDRES BONIFACIO

- Founder of the Katipunan (1892)

- Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa (Love for the Native Land)

- Wrote manifestos and speeches promoting revolution.

- in Tagalog

Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa (Love for the Native Land)

passionate poem urging Filipinos to fight for freedom

EMILIO JACINTO

- Brains of the Katipunan

- Kartilya ng Katipunan

- essay "Liwanag at Dilim" (Light and Darkness)

Kartilya ng Katipunan

guidebook for Katipunan members

"Liwanag at Dilim" (Light and Darkness)

explained revolutionary ideals and criticized colonial rule.

AMERICAN PERIOD

- Americans colonized the Philippines

- Literature during this time was used to express freedom, identity, and resistance

- American colonial government introduced public education and made English the medium of instruction

- writing in English, Spanish, and native languages.

1898

Americans colonized the Philippines after the Spanish-Ameri

American colonial government

______ introduced public education and made English the medium of instruction

freedom, identity, and resistance

Literature during this time was used to express (American period)

- Birth of Philippine Literature in English.

- Rise of Modern Journalism.

- Focus on realism, democracy, and social issues.

- Free verse poetry, modern short stories, and American-style plays.

AMERICAN PERIOD LITERARY CHARACTERISTICS

CECILIO APOSTOL

- poems dedicated to Rizal, Jacinto, Mabini, and all other heroes.

- "To the National Hero" or Ai Heroe Nacional.

MANUEL ARGUILLA

- Ilocano ; wrote in English.

- Best known: short story, "How My Brother Leon Brough Home a Wife"

- landmark in regional literature, showcasing Ilocano culture and language

How My Brother Leon Brough Home a Wife

first place in the Commonwealth Literary

VALERIANO HERNANDEZ

- 1858 ; Philippines ; pioneering Tagalog novelist, poet, and journalist late Spanish colonial period and early American period

- most famous work: "Nena at Neneng" (1905)

- "Father of the Tagalog Novel"

Nena at Neneng

one of the earliest published Tagalog novels ; popularize the novel form in the Tagalog language.

Paz Marquez

- March 3, 1894 ; Lucena, Quezon ; Filipina short story writer, teacher, and editor

- One of the first generation of Filipinos educated under the American system

- most famous work: "Dead Stars" (1925)

Dead Stars

first modern Philippine short story in English ; Opened the path for other Filipino writers to use English in expressing their own themes and identity