Nurse Cheung - Chemistry

positively charged particles

protons

neutral electrical charge

neutrons

negatively charged particles

electrons

nucleus; center of atom

where are protons located?

nucleus

where are neutrons located?

orbit around the nucleus of atom

where are electrons located?

identifying number indicating number of protons in atom of element

atomic number

# of protons + # of neutrons

What is the atomic mass?

mass # - # of protons

How do you find the # of neutrons?

protons + neutrons

How to find overall AMU?

atom with electrical charge

ion

fewer electrons than protons; positively charged

cation

more electrons than protons; negatively charged

anion

bonds formed between oppositely charged atoms via transfer of electrons

ionic bonds

bonds formed between atoms via sharing electrons

covalent bonds

bonds with partially covalent and ionic characteristics

polar covalent bonds

A neutron has the same mass as a proton and a neutral charge.

The mass and electrical charge of a neutron can best be described by which of the following statements?

- A neutron has the same mass as a proton and a negative charge.

- A neutron has the same mass as a proton and a neutral charge.

- A neutron has the same mass as an electron and a neutral charge.

- A neutron has the same mass as an electron and a positive charge.

group 1; shiny, soft, highly reactive

alkali metals

group 2; fairly soft and reactive

alkaline earth metals

groups 3 to 12; hard, low to negligible reactivity

transition metals

group 17; extremely reactive

halogens

group 18; extremely stable

noble gases

malleable, highly conductive to heat and electricity

metals

break easily, generally poor conductors

nonmetals

Have properties of both metals and nonmetals

metalloids

the higher chance of collisions

In concentration, the more particles there are...

collisions are more likely; more energy

In temperature, particles excite at higher temperatures, so....

collisions are more likely

In pressure, increase pressure forces particles together, so...

only particles at the surface can collide.

With surface area, in a solid...

the faster the reaction

In surface area, the bigger the surface....

provides more surface area for collisions

In surface area, what happens if you break a sample into smaller particles

catalyst

what is a substance that changes rate of chemical reaction but is chemically unchanged at end of reaction

speeds up reaction by lowering amount of energy needed to start

catalyst function

act as catalyst in cellular processes

enzymes

gives off hydrogen (H+) ions when it is dissolved in water

acid

gives off hydroxide (OH-) ions when it is dissolved in water.

base; alkaline

below 7

acidic

above 7

basic; alkaline

very basic; alkaline

on a pH scale, 14 is considered?

very acidic

on a pH scale, 0 is considered?

Alkynes

A hydrocarbon with one triple bond is called an ______.

process of substance moving from an area of high concentration to low concentration

diffusion

type of diffusion; water moves passively through a semi permeable membrane to equalize water concentration on both sides of membrane

osmosis

alkenes

Hydrocarbons with double bonds are

CH4

Methane molecular formula

C2H6

Ethane molecular formula

C3H8

Propane molecular formula

C4H10

Butane molecular formula

C5H12

Pentane molecular formula

C6H14

Hexane molecular formula

C7H16

Heptane molecular formula

C8H18

Octane molecular formula

C9H20

Nonane molecular formula

C10H22

Decane molecular formula

1

How many carbon atoms does Methane have?

2

How many carbon atoms does Ethane have?

3

How many carbon atoms does Propane have?

4

How many carbon atoms does Butane have?

5

How many carbon atoms does Pentane have?

6

How many carbon atoms does Hexane have?

7

How many carbon atoms does Heptane have?

8

How many carbon atoms does Octane have?

9

How many carbon atoms does Nonane have?

10

How many carbon atoms does Decane have?

Acetic, Citric, Hydrochloric, Phosphoric, Sulfuric

Some examples of Acids

Ammonium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, Magnesium hydroxide, Potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide

Some examples of bases

substances are evenly distributed throughout the mixture

homogenous mixture

mixture maintains separation between two substances

heterogeneous mixture

Reaction where two separate things joining together to form 1 compound

Synthesis/Combination reaction

A + B -> AB

what is the general equation for a synthesis (combination) reaction?

Reaction where 1 element or compound replaces another element or compound in a compound

Substitution (single replacement) reaction

A + BC -> AC + B; A + BC -> BA + C

what are the general equations for a substitution (single replacement) reaction?

Reaction where 2 ionic compounds create two more ionic compounds

Double replacement reaction (Precipitation)

AB + CD -> AD + CB

what is the general equation for a Precipitation (double replacement) reaction?

Reaction in which an acid reacts with a base to give salt and water

Neutralization (Acid-base) reaction

Reaction in which electron transfer occurs

Redox (reduction-oxidation) reaction

A- -> A + e-

What is the general equation for reduction reaction?

B + e- -> B-

What is the general equation for oxidation reaction?

Gas to liquid

condensation (exothermic)

liquid to gas

evaporation

Liquid to solid

freezing

Solid to gas

sublimation

liquid to gas; when a substance has acquired enough thermal energy

Boiling

solid to liquid

melting

direct change from gas to solid

deposition

does not depend on size or amount of matter in object

Intensive property

depends on amount of matter in object

extensive property