PSY 2710 EXAM ONE OHIO UNIVERSITY

Psychology

study of behavior and the mind

psychopathology

study of the nature, development, and treatment of psychological disordere

nontypical or uncommon

statistical rarity

can be a good thing

socially unacceptable behavior

behavior that deviates from social norms

can be visible but can also be difficult because we do not know what people are doing inside their own home

distressing to the person who exhibits it or people around them

people can believe they are not in distress with their disorders

maladaptive/impairing

behavior that limits the ability to function or fulfill responsibilities; can sometimes be less noticeable

stigma

mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person

label applied ➡️ label refers to undesirable attributes➡️ labeled individuals seen as different➡️ labeled individuals discriminated against

labeling theory

biopsychosocial perspective

biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors are seen as influencing the development of the individual

biological

genetic inheritance. physiological changes. exposure to toxic substances

psychological

past learning experiences. maladaptive thought patterns. difficulties coping with stress

sociocultural

social policies. discrimination. stigma

spiritual approach

humanitarian approach

scientific approach

what are the prominent approaches to psychopathology throughout history?

spiritual approach

psychological disorders as the product of possession by evil or demonic spirits

spiritual treatments

exorcism

treatment recommended by church

conversion therapy

humanitarian approach

psychological disorders are the result of cruelty, stress, or poor living conditions

scientific approach

hippocrates

benjamin rush

sigmund freud

ivan pavlov

b.f. skinner

hippocrates

founder of modern medicine

believed that there were four important bodily fluids that influences physical and mental health, leading to four personality dispositions

benjamin rush

founder of american psychiatry

brought back interest in scientific approach

advocated for improvements

formation of association of medical superintendents of american institutions for the insane

placing patients in their own wards

giving them occupational therapy

prohibiting hospital visits from curiosity seekers

what improvements did benjamin rush advocated for?

sigmund freud

developed psychoanalysis

ivan pavlov

discovered classical conditioning which became the bassi for the behaviorist movement

trained dogs to salivate at the sound of a whistle

b.f. skinner

formulated a systematizing approach to operant conditioning

independent variable

the variable whose level is adjusted or controlled by the experimenter

dependent variable

the variable whose values is the outcome of the experimenter's manipulation of the independent variable

placebo/control condition

participants receive a treatment similar to the experimental group

placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial

participants are randomly assigned to a placebo versus treatment group

double-blind method

neither the person giving the treatment nor the person receiving the treatment knows whether the participant is in the experimental or control group

quasi-experimental

investigate differences among groups not created by random assignment

correlational design

involves tests of relationships between variables

variables that cannot be (or have not been) experimentally manipulated

correlation statistic

+1 to -1

positive correlations

scores move in the same direction between variables

negative correlations

scores move in opposite direction between variables

qualitative research

a method of analyzing data in which researchers use rigorous methods to code the data and summarize information in a way that reflects an objectively applied set of standards

incidence

the frequency of new cases within a given periodp

prevelence

the number of people who have ever had a disorder at a given time or over a specified period

diagnosis and treatment

experiences of client and clinician

patient

a person who receives treatment

client

a person seeking psychological treatment

clinician

the person providing treatment

psychiatrist

people with degrees in medicine (MD or DO) who specialize in psychological disorders

clinical/counseling psychologist

people with doctorate degrees in clinical or counseling psychology

diagnosis

the determination that the set of symptoms, signs. or problems of an individual indicates a particular disorder

etiology

cause of disorder

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM

the official diagnostic system used by mental health professionals in the united states

published by the american psychiatric association (APA)

a diagnostic system that is divided into 22 chapters

descriptions, symptoms, and criteria for diagnosing mental disorders

includes etiology, guides of differential diagnosis and comorbidity

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ICD codes

primarily used in medical management software, insurance billing

Q/V codes

codes in the ICD and DSM that indicate the presence of psychosocial and environmental problems

Q codes

codes in ICD

V codes

codes in DSM

international classification of diseases (ICD)

outside of the united states

published by world health organization

increased consistency in do and terminology across 110 countries

ICD-11

what is the current edition of the ICD

high comorbidity

relatively low reliability between diagnosing clinicians

predominantly categorical approach

validity diagnosis

what are some criticisms of the DSM

categorical

does the person have high blood pressure? YES or NO

dimensional

where does the persons blood pressure call on a continuum of measurement?

some comorbidity pies common

diagnosis should predict specific outcomes

what is validity diagnosis?

polythetic symptoms

belong to many diagnoses, not required for selecting a specific diagnosis

principle diagnosis

De considered to be the primary reason for professional help

differential diagnosis

systematic ruling out of alternative diagnoses

more or less complex process depending on presentation

comorbid

multiple dx for one person

e.g. MDD and GAD

WHO disability assessment schedule (WHODAS)

what is included in the DSM

structured clinical interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5)

research and clinician versions

SCID-PD

look into for personality disorders

case formulation

analysis and hypothesis of etiology and maintenance of clients presentation

cultural formulation

-assessment of clients degree of identification with their culture

-the cultures beliefs about psychological disorders the way in which culture interprets particular events, and the cultural supports available

treatment plan

outline for how therapy should take place

immediate goals

short-term goals

long-term goals

what are some goals of treatment?

impatient care

individual is at hospital 24/7

partial hospitalization /day treatment programs

not at hospital 24/7 , often half or full "work hours"

community mental health center (CMHC)

provides low for services within a certain area-sliding fee scale

modality

form of psychotherapy

individual psychotherapy

one-to-one

family therapy

several or all members of the family

group therapy

facilitated discussion among several clients

milieu therapy

used in an impatient psychiatric facility

different approaches

end of structured treatment

no longer meet dx

maintained improved level of functioning

remission

symptoms no longer interfere with behavior and are below DSM threshold

psychological assessment

determine diagnosis through this

clinical interview

behavioral observations

psychological tests

reviewing prior records

clinical judgment

methods of psychological assessments

biopsychosocial approach

assessing biological, psychological, and social/cultural factors

current symptoms

coping skills

mental health history

what are some psychological factors?

mental health history

family history of mental illness

developmental history

physical health

what are some biological factors?

current symptoms

family history of mental illness

social support/relationships

diversity/cultural factors

what are some social factors?

clinical judgment

a common source for decision-making

hannah et al (2005)

compared statistical algorithm vs. team of clinicians in picking out deteriorating clients

algorithm

77% correct by session three

clinicians

0.04% correct by session three

Data

what does clinical judgement require to create accurate conclusions?

inductive reasoning

developing a conclusion based on gathered data

confirmation bias

selecting/interpreting data to fit pre-existing conclusions

availability neuritic

mental shortcut favoriting whatever examples come to mine first

reliability

consistency of the scores it produces

validity

extent to which a test measures what it is designed to measure

standardization

specifies a tests instructions for administration and scoring

sensitivity

agility of a test to correctly identify those with the disorder

a brief screening measure for dementia

what is an example of sensitivity

specifity

ability of the test to correctly identify those without the disorder

a more in-depth , comprehensive measure for dementia

what's an example of specifity?

using up to date research findings in decision making

using psychometrically strong measures

empirically evaluating the assessment process

what are the principles of evidence-based assessments clinicians should adhere to?

mental status examination

a method of objectively assessing a clients behavior and functioning

can occur alone or THROUGHOUT assessment process

appearance, thought process, behavior towards writer, thought content, psychomotor behavior, perception, mood and affect, cognition, suicide/homicide risk, insight, speech and adjustment

what are the main areas assessed in the mental status exam?