Respiratory System

upper respiratory system

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

lower respiratory system

trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli

conducting zones

nose, nasal cavity, trachea

External intercostal

___________muscles contract during inhalation

internal intercostal

___________muscles contract during exhalation

4 mmHg less than

Intrapleural pressure is normally about _________  intrapulmonary pressure.

red blood cells

The reaction that converts carbon dioxide into bicarbonate ions mostly takes place in ____

3 lobar bronchi

how many lobar bronchi are in the right lung

2 lobar bronchi

how many lobar bronchi are in the left lung

decreases

The amount of cartilage in the walls of the respiratory tract ______ as the airways branch into smaller and smaller passages.

decrease

Hyperventilation causes a ____ in the blood concentration of CO₂

expiration

the diaphragm flattens during

alectasis

a condition in which one or more areas of the lungs collapse, leading to reduced gas exchange

Carbonic anhydrase

an enzyme secreted by the salivary glands that catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and protons, playing a key role in regulating pH and carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a group of lung diseases that block airflow and make it difficult to breathe.

EPOC

excess post excercise oxygen consumption. O2 needed to restore normal resting functions

Ventral respiratory group

A collection of neurons in the medulla oblongata that controls the rhythm of breathing by stimulating the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

dorsal respiratory group

A group of neurons in the medulla oblongata that send info from stretch receptors and chemoreceptors to VRG

haldane effect

approximately doubles the transport (binding and release) capacity of blood for CO₂

perfusion

the process of delivering blood to capillaries in the body's tissues, facilitating gas exchange.

ventilation

The process of moving air in and out of the lungs, essential for gas exchange.

8 incisors

teeth used for cutting

32

typically an adult has ___ teeth

8 cuspids/canines

teeth used for tearing

16 bicuspids/premolars

teeth used for crushing

12 molars

back teeth used for crushing/ grinding (including 4 wisdom teeth)