5. Home affairs in the 18th century. Changes in the system of government and the Industrial Revolution

Governmnet consists of:

• lords - the highest court of appeal

• king - the head of the executive, during Hannoverians passed to the Prime Minister and his Cabinet

• commons - controlled taxation

the Cabinet

became a link between the executive and the legislative

the cabinet government

started to evolve under William of Orange

Sir Robert Walpole

first PM

William Pitt the Younger

established the concept of the Cabinet as a body responsible to the Parliament,

goverment

• started to evolve under William of Orange

• the Cabinet became a link between the executive and the legislative

• Sir Robert Walpole came up with the idea that any minister who disagreed with other ministers should resign

• William Pitt the Younger established the concept of the Cabinet as a body responsible to the Parliament, comprised of the representatives of the party with a majority in the House of Commons

• the opposition did not exist

• the creation of National Debt and an universal taxation

PARLIAMENT AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT

• only about a tenth of the population had the right to vote

• voting was done in public

• political parties were formed rather around important people

• no central control over local authorities

the reasons for an earlier start of the industrialization in Britain were

• early decline of feudalism

• growth of bourgeoisie

• dramatic increase in population

• new inventions and technological progress, accumulation of capital

• the accumulation of capital and willingness to invest it

• abolition of internal customs fees between England and Scotland in the previous

  century

• colonial expansion –> demand for products –> mass production –> factory systém

financial revolution

• national debt 1692

• bank of england 1694

What major shift happened in manufacturing during the Industrial Revolution?

Work moved from small home-based production (domestic industry) to factories using power-driven machines.

Which industry was the first to use power-driven machinery?

The textile industry.

What were key inventions in the textile industry?

Spinning machine, power loom (by Cartwright), and the steam engine (by Watt).

key manufacturing revolutions were in:

• textile, coal mining, iron industry

Why were coal and iron so important during the Industrial Revolution?

They were essential for powering machines and building factories.

What regional shift happened in the economy?

Economic power moved from the south and east of England to the north.

What did England’s industrial strength help it do globally?

It allowed England to build a powerful empire.

agriculture revolution

came to help prepare for industrial revolution

agriculture revolution was caused by:

• growing population

• growing damand for food

what changed in farming?

• better animal breeding

• new crops

• new machines for farming

• crop rotation

• small lands were merged into big ones to create farms → huge growth in food production

protective tarrifs

to protect export over import