LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES

MANIFESTING PASADOOO

Leonarde Keeler’s factors & American Criminologist

were used as premises for the Lie Detector he invented. It records in the graph the regular pulse, blood pressure and respiration, and aberration resulting from tension caused by lying.

Lie detector

records involuntary responses. It is equivalent to making person testify against himself.

RED-HOT IRON ORDEAL

Used among the hill tribes of Rajmahal in the north Bengal, where the accused apt to be told to prove his innocence

WAGER OF BATTLE

ORDEAL OF DIVINATION

wherein the accused and the accuser hold lighted candles. Whoever’s candle lasted longest pronounce the winner.

ORDEAL OF BALANCE

A scale of balance is used. On one end of the scale, the suspect/accused is placed and on the other end is a counter-balance. The accused asked to step, and a judge delivers the balance. The accused will get back in, and if found to be lighter than before, he is acquitted.

ORDEAL BY WATER

was symbolic of the flood of the Old Testament, washing sin from the face of the earth, allowing only the righteous minority to survive. The usual mode of trial allowed to members of the lower class.

BOILING WATER ORDEAL

Accused lifts a stone out of boiling water with the hand as deep as the wrist or elbow (for serious offenses). The burn was bandaged for three days before examination.

COLDWATER ORDEAL

Accused is tied at feet and hands and was lowered to cold water by rope. The rope is tied around the defendant’s waist and had a knot of a particular distance with the torso.

ORDEAL BY RICE CHEWING

Done by using the rice called sathee prepared with incantations. The person spits upon a pea leaf.

Ancient Chinese

When subjects were interrogated, they were given a small amount of dry rice, with the instruction to keep the rice under the tongue.

ORDEAL OF THE RED WATER/ ”SASSY BARK”

Accused is made to fast for 12 hours and made to swallow a small rice. He is then immersed in dark-colored water, which is emetic

ORDEAL OF THE CORSNAED/BLESSED BREAD

The priest puts the corsnaed of hollowed bread into the mouth of the accused with various imprecations.

TEST THE EUCHARIST

applied among clergy and monks.

ORDEAL OF THE BIER

In England: began to bleed again. It is believed that the murderer is near, which the blood to flow out from the would of the victim.

ORDEAL OF THE NEEDLE

Practiced in Wakana, Eastern Africa.

· was made to pierce the lower lip of the accused.

-Guilty if the blood flowed from the would

- Innocent if the blood

ORDEAL BY HEAT AND FIRE

Accused walked barefooted over red hot coals or walk through fire

TRIAL BY HEAT AND FIRE

The accuser and accused were placed under the cross with arms extended or crosswise, and the first to move his hands or suffer them to fail was held guilty

TRIAL OF THE WAXEN SHIRT

Accused was dressed in cloth covered with was and walked barefooted over burning coals

HEREDITARY SIEVE METHOD

Beans were thrown into a sieve as the name of the suspect was called

ORDEAL OF THE TIGER

The accused and the accuser are placed inside a cage of the tiger: if the tiger spare one of them, he is considered innocent.

DONKEY’S TAIL ORDEAL

The donkey was placed in a darkened tent, and its tail was when generously coated with lampblack.

Plethysmograph

He used this to determine the influence of emotion and fear to cardio activity and respiration (van Damme, 2008).

ANGELO MOSO 1878

Studied the effects of fear and emotion on cardiovascular and respiratory activities of subjects undergoing questioning.

Trovillo (1939), as cited by Matte (1996)

wrote that the “cradle” consisted of a large, heavy table at the center of which was a delicate knife-edge fulcrum.

CESARE LOMBROSO 1895

Modified Hydrosphymograph and used it in his experiments to measure the physiological changes that occurred in a crime suspect’s blood pressure and pulse rate during Police interrogation

Hydrosphymograph

measures changes in pulse and blood when suspects were asked about their involvement in or knowledge of specific response.

WILLIAM MOULTON MARSTON 1915

Considered the father of modern Polygraphy

WILLIAM MOULTON MARSTON 1915

Dealt a Sphygmomanometer BP reading during a test

WILLIAM MOULTON MARSTON 1915

Experimented with and helped to develop the pneumography (records breathing patterns) and the galvanograph (records skin resistance).

WILLIAM MOULTON MARSTON 1915

Developed in 1915, the systolic blood pressure deception test (Discontinuous systolic Blood Pressure Test)

Discontinuous Systolic Blood Pressure Test

Made used a standard blood pressure cuff and not a stethoscope to take intermittent systolic blood pressure readings of a suspect during questioning to detect deception.

Discontinuous Systolic Blood Pressure Test

Used a combnation of sphygmomanometer. And galvamometer in detecting deception.

Discontinuous Systolic Blood Pressure Test

First use the polygraph in an espionage case in 1917-1918.

Marston

builds the first proto-type polygraph.

JOHN AUGUSTUS LARSON

Develop the Larson’s Polygraph capable of continuously recording blood pressure, pulse and respiration. It was described as polygraphic apparatus in a portable form

JOHN AUGUSTUS LARSON

He developed the polygraph, an instrument capable of continuously recording blood pressure, pulse and respiration, during the entire period of test, which is considered to be the first modern polygraph

ETIENNE-JULES MAREY

French Scientist. Started by studying blood circulation in the human body. Devised a polygraph instrument that records pulse rate and heartbeat simultaneously.

ETIENNE-JULES MAREY

Produced sphygograph which allowed medical doctors to produced graphical records of pulse rate for the first time.

Sphygmograph Blood Pressure Recorder

an apparatus used to make a graphical record of variations in blood pressure and pulse.

LEONARDE KEELER

Invented “Keeler Polygraph” in 1925 which is an improvement of Larson’s polygraph that is with a component that simultaneously records changes in blood pressure, pulse, and respiration as well as the newly developed GSR, which were recorded using inked pens

LEONARDE KEELER

He devised the rolled chart paper and incorporated the kymograph.

Kymograph

a polygraph component that pulled at a constant speed, a chart paper under the recording pen from a roll of chart paper located inside the instrument.

Keeler Polygraph

came on the market as a new and improved lie detector (Galianos Polygraphe Expert Inc. 2006).

Keeler

further refined the polygraph by adding the third physiological measuring component for the detection of deception

Psychogalvanometer

a component that measured changes in a subject’s galvanic skin resistance during questioning and in doing so, thus signaling the birth of the polygraph as we knew it today.

LEONARDE KEELER

Father of Polygraph

VITTORIO BENUSSI (1914)

Successfully detected deception with a pneumography (an instrument that graphically measures an examinee’s inhalation and exhalation)

Ø Publish the research on respiration changes as indicators of lying and deception.

HAROLD BURTT

Found out that changes in systolic blood pressure were of greater value in determining deception than changes in respiration.

HAROLD BURTT

The one recorded at the point at which the cuff stops the circulation and at which no pulsations are heard.

LUIGI GALVANI

Italian Physiologist. Accorded the distinction for developing the galvanic skin reflex or the galvanometer, which records electrical bodily resistance in term of ohm.

Galvanometer

records electrical bodily resistance reflected emotional changes by measuring changes in person’s skin resistance to electricity

STICKER

He theorized that exciting mental impressions influence the galvanic skin phenomenon and will no effect upon it.

VERAGUTH

First to use the term Psycho-galvanic Skin Reflex and believed that the electrical phenomenon was due to the activity of the sweat gland

JOHN EDWARD REID

American criminologist & devised “Reid Polygraph” in 1945, a new device for recording unobserved muscular activities of the arms, thighs and the feet

JOHN EDWARD REID

He designed a special chair equipped with metal bellows for recording unobserved muscular activities of the arms, thighs and feet, , located on the arm of the chair and the seat: this transmits singular muscular activity to the recording polygraph.

JOHN EDWARD REID

present 4 recording channel polygraph as an excellent instrument for detecting deception because it has the recording pens for the Cardio-Pneumo-Sphygmo-Galvano components, and it has arms and thighs.

SIR JAMES Mackenzie

Scottish cardiologist. He described an instrument he devised as a “clinical polygraph”, which allowed the user to correlate the arterial and venous pulse with the beat of the heart itself.

Clinical link polygraph

used a clockwork mechanism for the paper-rolling and time-marker movements. And its produced ink recordings of physiological functions that were easier to acquire and interpret.

DR. JAMES KUBIS of Fordham in New York City

The first researcher to used new potential computer applications for polygraph chart analysis in the late 1970.

DRS JOHN C KICHER AND DAVID C RASKIN

Developed the Computer Assisted Polygraph System (CAPS).which incorporated the first algorithm to be used for evaluating physiological data collected for evaluating physiological data collected for diagnostic in 1988.

DR. DALE E. OLSEN AND JOHN C. HARRIS

Statisticians at John Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, in Mayland and they completed a software program called PolyScore in 1993, which used a sophisticated mathematical algorithm to analyze the Polygraph data and estimate a probability or degree of deception or truthfulness in a subject.

PolyScore

is a computerized polygraph chart scoring algorithm that uses statistical probability to arrive at truthfulness or deception. It has been shown that validated algorithms have exceeded 98 percent in their accuracy to quantity, analyze and evaluate the physiological data collected from polygraph examination administered in real criminal cases.

WORD ASSOCIATION TEST

Developed by Francis Galton in 1879. Prepared a list of stimulus and a non-stimulus group of words separated in time to allow the patient to utter the first thought generated by each word.

Alexander R. Luria

modified the Word Association Test technique, introduced by Galton, to be suitable in Russia

Hugo Munsterberg

Introduced in the US (1908) the first forensic application of WAT in lie detection and further suggested possibilities in detecting deception by recording physiological changes.

ADMINISTRATION OF TRUTH SERUM

Introduced by Dr. Edward Mandel House and Used Hysocine hydrobromide administered to the subject hypodermically unit a state of delirium is brought on.

NARCOANALYSIS/NARCOSYNTHESIS

a drug that causes depression of the inhibitory mechanism of the brain, which makes the subject talk freely

HYPNOSIS

an altered state of consciousness and heightened responsiveness to suggestion (Microsoft® Encarta ® 2009) the alteration of consciousness and concentration while awareness is maintained

HYPNOSIS

can produce a deeper contact with one's emotional life, resulting in some lifting of repressions and exposure of buried fears and conflicts (ibid).

FRANZ ANTON MESMER - Austrian physician

He is known for inducing a trancelike state, mesmerism, as a curative agent. He used this in the treatment of his patients in Vienna and Paris

MESMERISM

the forerunner of hypnotism named after Mesmer

JAMES BRAID

after studying mesmeric trance coined Hypnotism and Hypnosis after the Greek God of sleep

Hypnos Austrian

physician who used hypnosis to help neurotics recall disturbing events that they had forgotten but discard because of theoretical consideration and difficulty he encountered in hypnotizing some patients

SCAN (SCIENTIFIC CONTENT ANALYSIS)

This technique is vital in the examiner's training because it requires in-depth knowledge & requires the subject his written version of what happened to detect truth or deception.

SCIENTIFIC INTERROGATION

Questioning of a person suspected of having committed an offense or of a person who is reluctant to make full disclosure of information in his possession that is pertinent to the investigation

RELEVANT-IRRELEVANT TEST/ RI THEORY

Developed by Larson and Keeler in 1942

The earliest method of polygraph testing It uses two kinds of questions Relevant

Richard Arther

The first polygraphist to record the chest and abdominal breathing patterns simultaneously

Galileo

Devised Pulsilogium, an instrument used to measure heartbeat frequency. However, he did not use this device for lie detection

Dr. Hans Gross

stated that "a large part of the criminal work is nothing more than a battle of lies." Known as the "Father of Criminalistics"

LIE

It is also called PREVARICATION

LIE

A type of deception in the form of an untruthful statement to deceive, often with further intention to maintain a secret or reputation, protect someone's feelings from getting hurt, or avoid punishment.

Neuropsychologists

know that there is a distinct difference in brain activity when a person tells the truth instead of telling a lie.

PANIC LIAR

Those who lie in order to avoid the consequence of confession

OCCUPATIONAL LIAR

Those who lie when it has a higher payoff than telling the truth

TOURNAMENT LIAR

Those who love to lie and is excited by the challenge of not being detected

ETHNOLOGICAL LIAR

Those who had taken a creed, either personal or with others that he/she will never tell the truth,

PSYCHOPATHIC LIAR

Those who have no conscience since shows no regret for their dishonest actions and no guilt manifestation of

PATHOLOGICAL LIAR

Those who are suffering from a mental abnormality

BLACK LIAR

somebody who pretends to have admirable principles, beliefs, or feelings but behaves otherwise

BALD-FACE LIE

he barefaced lie is a lie that is told when it is evident to all concerned that it is a lie

DIRECT DENIAL

Denying the act in question entirely