Acquired language disorder/Aphasia and Language Variation

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What is adult acquired neurogenic communication disorders? What are the main causes?

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Neurogenic Communication Disorder: inability to exchange information with others because of hearing, speech, and/or language problems caused by impairment of the nervous system (brain or nerves).

Neurogenic:

◦ Neurologic origin

◦ Damage to central or peripheral nervous system

Causes:

◦ Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

◦ Progressive neurologic disease: dementia

◦ Stroke

Sudden damage to the brain caused by an external force Cognitive-communication disorder

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What is aphasia?

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Aphasia An acquired neurogenic language disorder resulting from an injury to the brain – most typically in the left hemisphere

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What is adult acquired neurogenic communication disorders? What are the main causes?

Neurogenic Communication Disorder: inability to exchange information with others because of hearing, speech, and/or language problems caused by impairment of the nervous system (brain or nerves).

Neurogenic:

◦ Neurologic origin

◦ Damage to central or peripheral nervous system

Causes:

◦ Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

◦ Progressive neurologic disease: dementia

◦ Stroke

Sudden damage to the brain caused by an external force Cognitive-communication disorder

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What is aphasia?

Aphasia An acquired neurogenic language disorder resulting from an injury to the brain – most typically in the left hemisphere

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What are the symptoms of fluent vs. non-fluent aphasia.

Non-fluent aphasia:

Lesion location is typically anterior – near motor regions of the brain (often includes Broca's area)

  • Speech sounds effortful; frequent hesitations.

  • Utterances are short (<4 words).

  • Speech is often agrammatic (i.e., words are not connected in grammatical strings)

  • ◦ "Telegraphic" speech that lacks functional items like tense markers and articles

Fluent Aphasia

Lesion location is typically posterior near auditory regions of the brain (may include Wernicke's area)

  • Speech sounds effortless and is usually grammatically well-formed.

  • Utterances are normal length.

  • However, speech may not make sense due to word-finding errors and paraphasias (substitution of a word in place of the intended target)

<p><strong>Non-fluent aphasia:</strong></p><p>Lesion location is typically anterior – near motor regions of the brain (often includes Broca's area)</p><ul><li><p>Speech sounds effortful; frequent hesitations.</p></li><li><p>Utterances are short (&lt;4 words).</p></li><li><p>Speech is often agrammatic (i.e., words are not connected in grammatical strings)</p></li><li><p>◦ "Telegraphic" speech that lacks functional items like tense markers and articles</p></li></ul><p><strong>Fluent Aphasia</strong></p><p>Lesion location is typically posterior near auditory regions of the brain (may include Wernicke's area) </p><ul><li><p>Speech sounds effortless and is usually grammatically well-formed. </p></li><li><p>Utterances are normal length. </p></li><li><p>However, speech may not make sense due to word-finding errors and paraphasias (substitution of a word in place of the intended target)</p></li></ul>
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What is anomia? different types of paraphasia?

Anomia is the Inability to retrieve names. Characteristic of ALL types of aphasia and dominant in Wernicke’s aphasia.

  • Semantic paraphasia (e.g. dog for cat): related to the target in meaning

  • Phonemic paraphasia(e.g. cap for cat): related to the target in sound

  • unrelated (e.g. table for cat)

  • nonwords (neologisms, e.g. caniber for cat): A paraphasia with no clear semantic or phonemic target

  • empty speech (vague words, e.g. thing, stuff, it)

  • perseveration (unintended repetition of phonemes or words)

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What’s the difference b/w dialect and language?

Dialect: Typically thought of as regional or cultural differences in use of same language

◦ American English vs. British English

◦ New York vs. California

National boundaries play a role in determining dialect

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What information does variation convey?

  • Region

  • Culture/ethnicity

  • Class/socioeconomic status (SES)

  • Age

  • Gender

Dialect variation is variation for a particular group of individuals.

Individual variation is idiosyncratic language use by one speaker (idiolect).

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In what levels of language structure, is language variation observed?

◦ Lexical variation (word choice)

◦ Phonetic/phonological variation (sound production aka pronunciation)

◦ (Morpho-)Syntactic variation (word order and usage)

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Examples in dialectal variation in US English (lexical level, phonetic level, and syntactic level)?

Lexical level:

  • pop vs soda

  • Sneaker vs tennis shoes

Phonetic level:

  • caught vs cot

  • Mary/merry/marry

Syntactic level:

  • The team / family are happy vs. The team / family is happy

  • Shall vs. will/should

  • Needn’t vs. don’t need to

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Describe Labov’s study and their findings regarding NYC [r]-lessness.

Asked question whose answer was “fourth floor” in three NYC department stores.

  • Saks (high SES customers)

  • Macy’s (middle SES customers)

  • S. Klein (Union Square) (low SES customers)

Checked whether they said their r’s and predicted that lower SES results in less r’s said.

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What’s the register differences?

Speakers use different language registers in different social settingsor contexts

Formal register (e.g., job interview, public setting, teaching?)

Casual register (less complex syntax, more slang)

◦ Child-directed speech register