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Proletariant #1
The Term Proletariant is how German economist Karl Marx described the industrial working class as a group. He argued in his 1848 work, the communist Manifesto, that economic equality would have been possible if this group initiated a class struggle against capitalists.
Decembrists Revolt #1
The Decembrists Revolt of 1825 happened in Senate Square in Saint Petersburg, Russia when a group of Russian military officers, sought to overthrow Tsar Nicholas I and establish a constitutional monarchy in Russia, driven by the desire to replace autocracy with a more democratic system following the death of Tsar Alexander I.
Great Reform Bill #1
It was a parliamentary act passed by the British Parliament led by Prime Minister Earl Grey in England in 1832. It basically reformed (remove corruption) the electoral system and expanded the right to vote in the middle class. It was passed because the old system did not keep up with the industrial revolution and it was significant because it was one of the first steps to democracy and it would influence further reform movements in the future 19th century.
Frankfurt Parliament #1
It was a national assembly formed in 1848 - 1849 in Frankfurt Germany which included elected representatives from German states all throughout Europe, who all had different values and beliefs, including conservatism and liberalism. It discussed the unification of all of the states into one country, and it was significant because, although it failed, it was the first attempt at unifying Germany, and showed that democracy was most likely not the way because of so many differing beliefs.
Franco-Prussian War #1
The Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, led by Napoleon III of France and Otto von Bismarck of Prussia, was driven by escalating tensions and Bismarck's realpolitik. Fought mainly on French soil, its significance lies in the formation of Germany as a unified country, territorial changes like Alsace-Lorraine becoming German, and the alteration of alliances, setting the stage for World War I.
Realpolitik #1
Realpolitik, emerging in 1840s-1850s Europe and notably championed by Otto von Bismarck, prioritized practical, swift solutions over moral or ideological approaches to political conflicts. Significantly departing from tradition, it influenced major European decisions, shaping events like World War I and the Cold War.
Chartists #1
The Chartists, comprising England's working class, advocated for political and social change, focusing on increased voting rights and the elimination of property qualifications around the 1830s-1840s. As one of the earliest working-class movements, they influenced future social and political endeavors, contributing to the development of democratic principles
Zionism #2
Zionism is a movement mostly attributed to Theodor Herzl's work Der Judenstaat published at the end of the 19th century. He argued that a Jewish homeland in a place like Austro-Hungary would be the only chance for European Jews to escape persecution.
Pogrom #2
They are organized violent attacks toward a certain race or ethnicity, and here they refer to the Anti - Semitic Ones. They happened in the 1910’s, after WWI and WWII. They happened all over Europe, but they specifically happened in Eastern Europe and in Russia. They were supported by Anti - Semitic Military groups and they are significant because It continued rising anti - Semitism, influenced Jewish Immigration and Zionism, and increased nationalism in these Jewish Communities.
Louis Pasteur #2
He was a French Chemist and Microbiologist, and is known as the father of Microbiology. He developed the Germ theory, which said that germs exist and spoil food, worked on pasteurization, and vaccines. He did this in the late 19th century and his research in France spread all over Europe and to the world, and he is significant because he improved food safety, developed vaccines, and advanced microbiology and medicine.
Russification #2
They refer to policies or effort that promote Russian Culture in the diverse range of the Soviet Union in Russia. It included Migration, language policies, education, and propaganda. They were prominent in the early days of the Soviet Union, like the 1910’s and 1920’s. They were implied by Joseph Stalin and Khrushchev. It is significant because it centralized power in the Soviet Union, stabilized the power, and strengthen the Soviet Identity.
Scramble For Africa #2
It was a tense and competitive scramble of Imperialism and colonization countries in Africa by Europe countries, like England, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium and Spain. It started in the 1880’s and it ended in the 1910’s, and it happened in Africa. It was significant because it did not consider the ethnic/cultural differences in the borders drawn which caused future conflict, influenced colonization and future imperialism, along increasing tensions between already existing rivalries.
Crimean War #2
it was a war fought from 1853 - 1856 and it was fought in the Crimean Peninsula, in the Black Sea location by Ukraine. It was fought between Russia and the Ottoman Empire with Britain and France. It is significant because it deals with the balance of power in Europe, prevent the eventual falling of the Ottoman Empire, influenced future warfare tactics and Advanced the medicine in the field.
Dreyfus Affair #2
It was a political scandal that happened in France in in the 1890’s and 1910’s. It included Alfred Dreyfus, who was wrongfully convicted by the French Government against telling secrets to the German Army, and even with evidence clearly showing that he did not do it, he was wrongfully found guilty twice. It is significant because it was a prime example of anti - Semitism in the French Government, it influenced future art and culture movements, and it divided up the French Society.
14 Points #3
It was a speech sent by President Woodrow Wilson of the United States in 1918 directly after the end of WWI. It outlined a plan for peace and included topics like open diplomacy, Disarmament, free trade, open seas, and decolonization. It happened in Washington DC and it was meant for settling Europe’s conflicts, and it is significant because it played a strong role in peace negotiations after the war, like the Treaty of Versailles, and influenced the creation of the League of Nations which was the precursor to the United nations. It affected post war Europe and its foundation, along with stopping peace.
League of Nations #3
It was an intergovernmental organizations founded in 1920 after the 14 points speech/WWII, advocated for by Woodrow Wilson, and it was located in Geneva Switzerland and included the countries in Europe. It was meant to ensure collective security among all countries in it for global peace. It was significant because although it failed, it emphasized the need for peace after such as devastating war and it played a precursor to the United nations, but it was one of the causes for WWII.
Schlieffen Plan #3
The Schlieffen Plan, devised by Alfred Schlieffen for Germany in 1914, aimed to swiftly conquer France through Belgium and then pivot to Russia. It was significant for Germany's attempt to avoid encirclement, but its violation of Belgium's neutrality reshaped alliances and triggered a prolonged, brutal four-year conflict in World War 1
Triple Alliance #3
The Triple Alliance, composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, formed in 1882 and remained until World War I. Situated in Central Europe, it acted as a defensive force against France and Russia, intensifying pre-war tensions with its withdrawal by Italy altering the war's dynamics
Triple Entente #3
The military alliance between Russia, France, and Britain formed in response to the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Spanning Central, Eastern, and Western Europe, it shaped alliances for WWI and heightened tensions before the war.
Balfour Declaration #3
The Balfour Declaration, issued by the British Government in 1917 during World War I, supported the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine (modern-day Israel). It strengthened the Zionist movement, increased Jewish migration to Palestine, became part of Britain's mandate there for self-governance, and significantly shaped the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt #3
Franklin D. Roosevelt, serving as US President from 1933 to 1945, introduced impactful policies like the New Deal, reshaping US governmental intervention. His leadership during WWII was influential, and his initiatives, including Social Security from the New Deal, remain present today. Roosevelt also played a significant role in the formation of the United Nations
Adolf Hitler #3
Adolf Hitler, rising from Nazi Party membership to becoming dictator of Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s, pursued aggressive foreign policies and anti-Semitic actions. His leadership sparked World War II, fueled the Holocaust, established a totalitarian regime, and symbolized global hate and racism, impacting Germany, Europe, and the world profoundly.
Fascism #3
An extreme political ideology characterized by dictatorships, strong central power, extreme nationalism, and bold ideologies emerged in Italy, Germany, and Spain after WWI. Led by figures like Mussolini, Hitler, and Franco, it led to WWII due to its aggressive nature, human rights abuses, and its legacy of totalitarianism, highlighting the dangers of hate.
Great Purge #3
The Great Purge, orchestrated by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in the late 1930s, silenced dissent through mass arrests, executions, and exiles in Russia (Soviet Union). It solidified Stalin's authoritarian rule, repressed civilians and military officers, and fueled communist propaganda.
New Deal #4
The New Deal, implemented by Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression from 1929 to 1939, utilized strong governmental intervention and welfare programs across the US. It significantly pulled the country out of the economic downturn, demonstrating the effectiveness of such interventions.
New Economic Plan #4
The New Economic Policy, established by Vladimir Lenin in 1921 after the Russian Civil War, aimed to revive the Russian economy, favoring a more market-oriented approach with small enterprises in trade and agriculture. Although short-lived under Joseph Stalin, it stabilized the economy, fostered international trade, and bolstered Bolshevik political power.
Nuremberg Laws #4
The Nuremberg Laws, introduced in 1930s Germany under Adolf Hitler's regime, restricted Jewish rights, prohibiting intermarriage, segregating them from public life, and laying the groundwork for increased hostility towards Jews and the Holocaust
Iron Curtain #4
The term 'Iron Curtain,' coined by Winston Churchill in 1946, symbolized the ideological division between Western Europe (led by the United States) and Eastern Europe (led by the Soviet Union) during the early Cold War. It represented extreme division, particularly noted by the separation of Germany and the eventual creation of the Berlin Wall.
Marshall Plan #4
The Marshall Plan, proposed by US Secretary of State George C. Marshall in 1947 and executed from 1948 to 1951, provided crucial economic aid to war-torn Western European countries, preventing Soviet influence, fostering alliances, and exemplifying the Truman Doctrine. (France, Italy, Western German)
Warsaw Pact #4
The Warsaw Pact was a military alliance established in 1955 among the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellite nations in response to NATO. It aimed to create a collective defense among Communist states and increased Soviet control over its allies.
Manhattan Project #4
The Manhattan Project, led by the US with scientists like Albert Einstein and Robert Oppenheimer, developed the world's first atomic bomb during World War II (1939-1945). Its creation ended the war, initiated nuclear weapons production, raised ethical concerns, shaped the Cold War, and revolutionized warfare.
Berlin Wall #4
The Berlin Wall, constructed by East Germany in 1961 and standing until 1989, physically divided East and West Germany, symbolizing Cold War tensions, and preventing East Germans from escaping to the West.
Truman Doctrine #4
The Truman Doctrine, initiated by US President Harry S. Truman in 1947, aimed to contain communism, focusing initially on Turkey and Greece. It marked a shift from isolationism to global intervention, countering Soviet expansion and laying the foundation for actions like the Marshall Plan, heightening global tensions.
Anschluss #4
The Anschluss, Austria's annexation into Nazi Germany in 1938, violated treaties and emboldened Hitler's aggressive expansion. It changed Europe's power dynamics, spread anti-Semitism to Austrian Jews, and led to further conquests in Czechoslovakia and Poland.
Blitzkrieg #4
Blitzkrieg, used by Nazi Germany in the 1930s-1940s, emphasized speed with planes, tanks, and infantry to swiftly break enemy lines, altering WWII warfare, and encouraging arms innovation through rapid surprise attacks, especially in France and Poland.
Détente #5
Détente, initiated in the late 1960s by Richard Nixon, aimed to ease US-Soviet-China tensions, focusing on nuclear arms sites, promoting cooperation, and slowing nuclear arms production. It significantly contributed to ending the Cold War, improving human rights in China, and reducing nuclear armament.
NAFTA #5
NAFTA, signed in 1994 among Mexico, the US, and Canada, aimed to remove trade barriers, enhance competitiveness, and integrate economies in North America. It significantly boosted trade, stabilized the US economy, and generated jobs, yet faced criticism for job relocation from the US.
OPEC #5
It is an intergovernmental organization for spreading oil all over the world, and it founded in 1960 in Baghdad, Iraq by Kuwait, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Venezuela. It is significant because it provides prices for the oil, influenced the global market, intervenes in Oil crises, and it stabilizes the oil market.
Al Qaeda #5
Formed in the late 1980s from Afghan resistance to the Soviet invasion, this extremist Islamist terrorist group, founded by Osama Bin Laden, operated initially in Afghanistan and later expanded to Pakistan, the Middle East, and Africa. Notable for the 9/11 attacks in NYC, it profoundly influenced jihadist movements in various terrorist groups, impacting their tactics and remains a current threat due to its extremist ideologies
European Union #5
The European Union (EU) originated in the 1950s with Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany as founders. It spans across Europe, creating the euro currency, advocating for human rights, equality, post-WWII recovery, and fostering market integration.
perestroika #5
Mikhail Gorbachev initiated political, economic, and social reforms in the 1980s to 1991, focusing on decentralization, adapting to market principles, and fostering political diversity in the Soviet Union. These reforms led to political openness, the rise of democratic governance, and played a pivotal role in ending the Cold War by eventually leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Glasnost #5
During perestroika in the mid-1980s, led by Mikhail Gorbachev, Soviet policy permitted public discussions on political and social matters, marking a shift from secrecy to openness. This change expanded freedom of speech and press, spurred independence movements, and ultimately contributed to the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
