Quizlet Ch. 4, 7, 12, & 16 Radiography

Recommendations concerning gloves would fall under which of the following categories of infection control practices that directly relate to dental imaging procedures?

A. Cleaning and disinfection of dental unit and environmental surfaces

B. Sterilization or disinfection of instruments

C. Personal protective equipment

D. Hand washing and care of hands

C. Personal protective equipment (PPE)

Which of the following statements is true of the receptor holder?

A. It is required when using the intraoral bisecting technique.

B. It is required when using the intraoral paralleling technique.

C. It is used to align an extraoral dental x-ray receptor.

D. It requires the patient to stabilize the receptor in the mouth.

B. It is required when using the intraoral paralleling technique.

An oral examination limits the practitioner to knowledge of what is seen clinically. Dental images allow the practitioner to see many conditions that are not apparent clinically.

A. Both statements are false.

B. The first statement is true; the second statement is false.

C. The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

D. Both statements are true.

D. Both statements are true.

Infection control is critical in your dental operatory because pathogens can be transmitted easily through which of the following

A. 2, 3

B. 1, 3

C. 1, 2, 3

D. 1, 2

C. 1, 2, 3

Added filtration in the dental x-ray tubehead

A. filters out shorter-wavelength x-rays from the x-ray beam.

B. results in a more penetrating useful beam.

C. results in a lower-energy beam.

D. refers to the placement of tungsten discs in the path of the x-ray -beam between the collimator and the tubehead seal.

B. results in a more penetrating useful beam.

The "Guidelines for Prescribing Dental Radiographs" state that

A. Edentulous adults should have posterior bite-wing examinations at 12- to 36-month intervals.

B. Dentulous adult recall patients at increased risk for caries should have posterior bite-wing examinations at 12- to 24-month intervals.

C. X-rays are not taken on patients who are pregnant unless absolutely necessary.

D. Dentulous adult recall patients who are not at increased risk for caries should have posterior bite-wing examinations at 24- to 36-month intervals.

D. Dentulous adult recall patients who are not at increased risk for caries should have posterior bitewing examinations at 24-36 month intervals

In order to avoid the primary beam while taking dental images, you should stand at a ____-degree to ____-degree angle to the beam.

A. 45; 90

B. 0; 45

C. 135; 180

D. 90; 135

D. 90; 135

Through the use of dental images, the dental radiographer can detect ________ that cannot be detected clinically.

A. 1, 2

B. 3 only

C. 1, 2, 3

D. 2, 3

C. 1, 2, 3

Which of the following should you do prior to taking x-rays to protect your patient from radiation exposure?

A. A lead apron

B. A thyroid collar

C. Proper film processing

D. Proper prescribing of radiographs

D. Proper prescribing of radiographs

A beam alignment device can be used to help the dental radiographer position the PID in relation to the _____________ and the receptor.

A. extension arm

B. control panel

C. collimator

D. tooth

D. tooth

In dental imaging, no __________________ are used.

A. 3 only

B. 1, 2

C. 1, 2, 3

D. 1 only

D. 1 only

Which of the following are considered to be semicritical instruments?

A. The x-ray control panel

B. The exposure button

C. The lead apron

D. Receptor-holding devices

D. Receptor-holding devices

You have your patient in the chair, you have placed the receptor in your patient's mouth, and you have positioned the position-indicating device. Which of the following should you do next to take the x-rays?

A. Adjust the control devices.

B. Turn on the exposure light.

C. Turn on the on-off switch.

D. Push the exposure button.

D. Push the exposure button.

When dental images are properly prescribed, exposed, and processed, the benefit of disease detection ____________ the risk of small doses of x-radiation.

A. slightly outweighs

B. does not outweigh

C. far outweighs

D. is considered equal

C. far outweighs

On some dental x-ray machines, only the ____________ can be altered; the other parameters are preset by the manufacturer.

A. PID length

B. kilovoltage

C. milliamperage

D. exposure time

D. exposure time

According to the text, __________ is one of the most important uses of dental images.

A. maintaining a routine

B. habitual rote frequency

C. insurance verification

D. detection

D. detection

Dental images are a(n) _______________ comprehensive patient care.

A. supplement to

B. adjunct to

C. necessary component of

D. option for

C. necessary component of

Antiseptic is

A. the absence of pathogens, or disease-causing microorganisms.

B. a substance that inhibits the growth of bacteria.

C. the use of a chemical or physical procedure to inhibit or destroy pathogens.

D. the act of sterilizing.

B. a substance that inhibits the growth of bacteria.

Preparation of supplies and equipment involves sterilizing which of the following items?

A. Film

B. PID

C. Lead apron

D. Film-holding devices

D. Film-holding devices

(1) You can use dental images to help educate your patient on his dental caries and periodontal disease. (2) You can also use dental images to help your patient see a picture of common conditions that cannot be seen clinically. These include cysts, extra teeth, and retained roots.

A. The first statement is true, and the second statement is false.

B. The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

C. Both statements are true.

D. Both statements are false.

C. Both statements are true.

The collimator ____________ A. is always round.

B. restricts the size and shape of the x-ray beam.

C. is a solid piece of aluminum.

D. is fitted within the copper stem beneath the molybdenum cup.

B. restricts the size and shape of the x-ray beam.

(1) It is your responsibility to maintain competence in taking dental images; taking continuing education courses is one example. (2) You should always do your best to properly position and expose receptors in a manner that is accurate, time efficient, and comfortable for your patient.

A. The first statement is true, and the second statement is false.

B. Both statements are true.

C. Both statements are false.

D. The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

B. Both statements are true.

(1) Highly resistant bacterial and mycotic (fungal) spores are not killed during disinfection procedures; (2) however, highly resistant bacterial and mycotic spores are killed during sterilization.

A. Both statements are true.

B. The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

C. Both statements are false.

D. The first statement is true; the second statement is false.

A. Both statements are true.

The position-indicating device (PID) is an extension of the

A. extension arm.

B. exposure button.

C. tubehead.

D. control panel.

C. tubehead.

The thyroid collar

A. is recommended for all extraoral exposures.

B. is recommended for both intraoral and extraoral exposures.

C. is placed over the patient's chest and lap and extends to protect the thyroid.

D. is recommended for all intraoral exposures.

D. is recommended for all intraoral exposures.

Pathogens are

A. any microorganisms.

B. viruses but not bacteria.

C. microorganisms capable of causing disease.

D. bacteria but not viruses.

C. microorganisms capable of causing disease.

The Rinn XCP is a

A. beam alignment device.

B. Uni-bite.

C. Styrofoam bite-block.

D. snap-on metal collimating device.

A. beam alignment device.

Another term for infection control is __________, which means the absence of pathogens, or disease-causing microorganisms.

A. antiseptic

B. antibiotic

C. asepsis

D. antiinfective

C. asepsis

Critical instruments are defined as instruments

A. that contact but do not penetrate soft tissue.

B. that are used to penetrate soft tissue or bone.

C. or devices that do not come in contact with mucous membranes.

D. that contact but do not penetrate bone.

B. that are used to penetrate soft tissue or bone.

State and federal laws require that dental x-ray machines operating above 70 kVp have a minimum total (inherent plus added filtration) of ____ mm of aluminum filtration.

A. 2.0

B. 1.5

C. 5.0

D. 2.5

D. 2.5

There are three conditions that must be present for an infection to occur. Which of the following conditions is a necessary component for an infection to occur?

A. Small amounts of the infectious disease with low infectivity

B. An aseptic environment

C. A way for the infectious disease to enter the host

D. A host that is not vulnerable to infection

C. A way for the infectious disease to enter the host

The ALARA concept states that all radiation must be kept

A. as long as readily achievable.

B. as low as reasonably achievable.

C. as long as reliably achievable.

D. as low as reasonably allowable.

B. as low as reasonably achievable.

Inherent filtration in the dental X-ray tubehead

A. includes the placement of aluminum discs in the path of the X-ray beam between the collimator and the tubehead seal.

B. alone meets the standards regulated by state and federal law.

C. is equivalent to approximately 5.0 mm of aluminum.

D. includes filtration that takes place when the primary beam passes through the glass window of the X-ray tube, the insulating oil, and the tubehead seal.

D. Includes filtration that takes place when the primary bea, passes-through the glass window of the x-ray tube, the insulating oil, and the tubehead seal

A circular collimator produces a cone-shaped beam that is __________ inch(es) in diameter.

A. 1.25

B. 5.0

C. 2.75

D. <1

C. 2.75

A rectangular collimator

A. restricts the beam less than a circular collimator.

B. restricts the beam 3 times more than a circular collimator.

C. decreases patient exposure considerably.

D. is considerably larger than a size 2 intraoral receptor.

C. decreases patient exposure considerably.

Which of the following types of position-indicating devices (PIDs) produces scatter radiation?

A. Square

B. Round

C. Rectangular

D. Conical

D. Conical

Which type of PID would be most effective in reducing patient exposure?

A. An 8-inch rectangular PID

B. A 16-inch round PID

C. A 16-inch rectangular PID

D. Conical

C. A 16-inch rectangular PID

Which of the following can you do after x-ray receptor exposure to reduce(s) the amount of x-radiation your patient receives?

A. Proper instrument technique

B. Proper placement of the lead apron

C. Proper image retrieval

D. Selecting proper exposure settings

A. Proper instrument technique

According to the current recommendations (2003) of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, the current MPD for occupationally exposed persons is ___________/year.

A. 5.0 rem

B. 5000 rem

C. 500 millirem

D. 50 rem

A. 5.0 rem

The ALARA concept states that all radiation must be kept

A. as low as reasonably achievable.

B. as long as readily achievable.

C. as low as reasonably allowable.

D. as long as reliably achievable.

A. as low as reasonably achievable.

You are 36 years old. What is your cumulative occupational dose recommended by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)?

A. 180 mSv

B. 360 millirems

C. 360 mSv

D. 180 millirems

C. 360 mSv

Your patient is a 5-year-old boy who you have been seeing since he was 3 years old. He is always eating candy and drinking cola beverages. Six months ago he had A, J, and T restored. One year ago he had B, I, and L restored. Which of the following should you do regarding taking radiographs?

A. Take bite-wings and occlusal radiograph today.

B. Dental images are taken every 2 years.

C. Insurance covers bite-wings once a year, take the dental images in 6 months.

D. Re-evaluate in 1 year for the need for dental images.

B. Dental images are taken every 2 years.

Your next patient is a 35-year-old man who you have been seeing for the past 10 years. The only treatment he has needed since coming to the dental practice has been his 6-month "prophys." He has no periodontal issues and is on a 6-month recall cycle. You last took four bite-wing images 1 year ago. Which of the following should you do?

A. No images will be needed for 5 years.

B. Take bite-wings during this appointment.

C. Take the images in 1 to 2 years.

D. Take the images in 6 months.

C. Take the images in 1-2 years

_________________ regulate(s) the manufacture and installation of dental x-ray equipment.

A. State governments

B. The federal government

C. Local governments

D. Municipal governments

B. The federal government

The _____________ allow(s) for positioning of the tubehead.

A. extension arm

B. exposure button

C. control devices

D. control panel

A. extension arm

A _____________ eliminates the need for the patient to stabilize the receptor.

A. control panel

B. beam alignment device

C. PID (position-indicating device)

D. receptor holder

D. receptor holder

When should you avoid taking retakes?

A. Only if the patient is uncomfortable with exposure

B. At all times

C. Only if older (pre-1975) equipment is used

D. Whenever it is convenient because the dose is so low

B. At all times

Infection control is critical in your dental operatory because pathogens can be transmitted easily through which of the following

A. 1, 2

B. 2, 3

C. 1, 2, 3

D. 1, 3

C. 1, 2, 3

Which of the following viruses may be present in oral secretions?

A. 1, 2, 3

B. 1, 2, 3, 4

C. 2, 3, 4

D. 2, 4

B. 1, 2, 3, 4

Which of the following should you do to prepare your treatment room prior to taking a dental image?

A. Wipe with an antiseptic.

B. Wipe with a low-level disinfectant.

C. Follow infection control procedures.

D. Sterilize critical instruments.

C. Follow infection control procedures.

Covering exposed surfaces with disposable materials ____________ adequate protection ____________ the need for surface cleaning and disinfection between patients.

A. does not provide; but does eliminate

B. provides; but does not eliminate

C. provides; while eliminating

D. neither provides; nor eliminates

C. provides; while eliminating

What does X-radiation cause?

A. biologic changes in living cells and adversely affects all living tissues

B. Lead apron

C. Thyroid collar

D. Beam alignment device

A. biologic changes in living cells and adversely affects all living tissues

Who prescribes dental images?

A. dentist

B. dental hygienist

C. dental assistant

D. patient

A. dentist

What minimizes the amount of x-radiation that a dental patient receives?

A. proper prescribing of dental images and the use of equipment that complies with state and federal radiation guidelines

B. Lead apron

C. Thyroid collar

D. Beam alignment device

A. proper prescribing of dental images and the use of equipment that complies with state and federal radiation guidelines

What are the different types of images you can take (x-rays)?

A. bite-wing, panoramic (pan or pano), cone beam computered tomography (CBCT)

B. Lead apron

C. Thyroid collar

D. Beam alignment device

A. bite-wing, panoramic (pan or pano), cone beam computered tomography (CBCT)

Before taking a new x-ray, what should you ask the patient?

A. about their history or x-rays and know when their last one was taken

B. Lead apron

C. Thyroid collar

D. Beam alignment device

A. about their history or x-rays and know when their last one was taken

What are the 2 types of filtration used in dental x-ray tubehead?

A. inherent and added

B. round and rectangular

C. primary and secondary

D. internal and external

A. inherent and added

What is filtration?

A. the use of absorbing materials for removing the low-energy x-rays from the primary beam

B. the restriction of the size and shape of the x-ray beam

C. the alignment of the PID with the receptor

D. the adjustment of exposure time

A. the use of absorbing materials for removing the low-energy x-rays from the primary beam

What is inherent filtration?

A. takes place when the primary beam passes through the glass window of the x-ray tube, the insulating oil, and the tubehead seal

B. placement of aluminum disks in the path of the x-ray beam between the collimator and tubehead seal

C. restriction of the beam by a lead diaphragm

D. use of a rectangular PID

A. takes place when the primary beam passes through the glass window of the x-ray tube, the insulating oil, and the tubehead seal

What is added filtration?

A. placement of aluminum disks in the path of the x-ray beam between the collimator and the tubehead seal

B. filtration by the glass window, oil, and tubehead seal

C. use of a thyroid collar

D. use of a lead collimator

A. placement of aluminum disks in the path of the x-ray beam between the collimator and the tubehead seal

What is a collimator?

A. diaphram usually made of lead, used to restrict the size and shape of the x-ray beam

B. an extension of the tubehead used to direct the x-ray beam

C. a device used to hold the receptor

D. a wall-mounted control panel

A. diaphram usually made of lead, used to restrict the size and shape of the x-ray beam

What are aluminum disks used for?

A. They are placed in the path of the beam to filter out the low-energy, long-wavelength x-rays that are harmful to the patient

B. They restrict the size and shape of the x-ray beam

C. They direct the x-ray beam toward the patient and receptor

D. They increase the amount of low-energy x-rays in the primary beam

A. they are placed in the path of the beam to filter out the low-energy, long-wavelength x-rays that are harmful to the patient

What is the result of filtration of the x-ray beam?

A. higher energy and a more penetrating useful beam

B. Lead apron

C. Thyroid collar

D. Beam alignment device

A. higher energy and a more penetrating useful beam

Recommendations for prescribing Dental Radiographs to adult patients:

A. Posterior bite-wing exam at 24- to 36-month intervals
B. Posterior bite-wing exam at 6- to 12-month intervals
C. Full-mouth series every 12 months
D. Panoramic radiograph every 6 months

A. posterior bite-wing exam at 24- to 36-month intervals

Total filtration (inherent plus added filtration) is regulated by who?
A. State and federal laws regulate the required thickness
B. The American Dental Association regulates the required thickness
C. The dental x-ray equipment manufacturer regulates the required thickness
D. Local dental offices determine the required thickness

A. state and federal laws regulate the required thickness

Dental x-ray machines operating at or below 70 kilovoltage (kV) require a minimum total of what?

A. 1.5 mm aluminum filtration

B. 2.5 mm aluminum filtration

C. 0.5 mm aluminum filtration

D. 5.0 mm aluminum filtration

A. 1.5 mm aluminum filtration

Machines operating above 70 kV require a minimum of what?

A. 2.5 mm aluminum filtration

B. 1.5 mm aluminum filtration

C. 0.5 mm aluminum filtration

D. 5.0 mm aluminum filtration

A. 2.5 mm aluminum filtration

What kind of openings may a collimator have?

A. circular (round) or rectangular

B. square or triangular

C. open or closed

D. short or long

A. circular (round) or rectangular

Rectangular collimator:
A. Restricts the size of the x-ray beam to an area slightly larger than a size 2 intraoral receptor and reduces patient exposure
B. Produces a cone-shaped beam approximately 2.75 inches in diameter
C. Increases the size of the x-ray beam to improve image coverage
D. Filters out low-energy, long-wavelength x-rays from the primary beam

A. restricts the size of the x-ray beam to an area slightly larger than a size 2 intraoral receptor and reduces patient exposure

Circular collimator:
A. Produces a cone-shaped beam that is 2.75 inches in diameter larger than a size 2 intraoral receptor
B. Restricts the x-ray beam to an area only slightly larger than a size 2 intraoral receptor
C. Filters out low-energy, long-wavelength x-rays from the primary beam
D. Directs the x-ray beam and helps align it with the receptor

A. produces a cone-shaped beam that is 2.75 inches in diameter larger than a size 2 intraoral receptor

Position-indicating device (PID):

A. an extension of the x-ray tubehead and is used to direct the x-ray beam

B. Control panel

C. Extension arm

D. Collimator

A. an extension of the x-ray tubehead and is used to direct the x-ray beam

What is the PID sometimes referred to as?

A. cone

B. collimator

C. receptor

D. extension arm

A. cone

During exposure patients need to have on:

A. thyroid collar and lead apron

B. mask and gloves

C. protective eyewear only

D. utility gloves and gown

A. thyroid collar and lead apron

What is the most effective method of reducing a patient's exposure to x-radiation?

A. fast film

B. long exposure time

C. short PID

D. conical PID

A. fast film

F-speed film or Insight is:
A. The fastest intraoral film available
B. A slower intraoral film that requires more radiation exposure
C. An extraoral film used only for panoramic imaging
D. A film type that produces lower-quality images because it cannot be used with dental x-rays

A. the fastest intraoral film available

How do beam alignment devices help?
A. Stabilize the receptor in the mouth and reduce the chances of movement
B. Increase the size of the x-ray beam during exposure
C. Filter out low-energy x-rays from the primary beam
D. Increase exposure time to improve image quality

A. stabilize the receptor in the mouth and reduces the chances of movement

Recommendations concerning gloves would fall under which of the following categories of infection control practices that directly relate to dental imaging procedures?

A. Personal protective equipment

B. Hand washing and care of hands

C. Sterilization or disinfection of instruments

D. Cleaning and disinfection of dental unit and environmental surfaces

A. Personal protective equipment

Which of the following statements is true of the receptor holder?

A. It is used to align an extraoral dental x-ray receptor.

B. It requires the patient to stabilize the receptor in the mouth.

C. It is required when using the intraoral paralleling technique.

D. It is required when using the intraoral bisecting technique.

C. It is required when using the intraoral paralleling technique.

An oral examination limits the practitioner to knowledge of what is seen clinically. Dental images allow the practitioner to see many conditions that are not apparent clinically.

A. Both statements are true.

B. Both statements are false.

C. The first statement is true; the second statement is false.

D. The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

A. Both statements are true.

Infection control is critical in your dental operatory because pathogens can be transmitted easily through which of the following

1. your patient to you.

2. you to your patient.

3. from one patient to another patient.

A. 1, 2, 3

B. 1, 3

C. 2, 3

D. 1, 2

A. 1, 2, 3

Added filtration in the dental x-ray tubehead

A. refers to the placement of tungsten discs in the path of the x-ray beam between the collimator and the tubehead seal.

B. filters out shorter-wavelength x-rays from the x-ray beam.

C. results in a lower-energy beam.

D. results in a more penetrating useful beam.

D. results in a more penetrating useful beam.

The "Guidelines for Prescribing Dental Radiographs" state that

A. Dentulous adult recall patients at increased risk for caries should have posterior bite-wing examinations at 12- to 24-month intervals.

B. x-rays are not taken on patients who are pregnant unless absolutely necessary.

C. edentulous adults should have posterior bite-wing examinations at 12- to 36-month intervals.

D. Dentulous adult recall patients who are not at increased risk for caries should have posterior bite-wing examinations at 24- to 36-month intervals.

D. Dentulous adult recall patients who are not at increased risk for caries should have posterior bite-wing examinations at 24- to 36-month intervals.

In order to avoid the primary beam while taking dental images, you should stand at a ____-degree to ____-degree angle to the beam.

A. 0; 45

B. 45; 90

C. 90; 135

D. 135; 180

C. 90; 135

Through the use of dental images, the dental radiographer can detect ________ that cannot be detected clinically.

1. diseases

2. lesions

3. conditions of teeth and bones

A. 1, 2, 3

B. 1, 2

C. 2, 3

D. 3 only

A. 1, 2, 3

Which of the following should you do prior to taking x-rays to protect your patient from radiation exposure?

A. Proper film processing

B. Proper prescribing of radiographs

C. A lead apron

D. A thyroid collar

B. Proper prescribing of radiographs

A beam alignment device can be used to help the dental radiographer position the PID in relation to the _____________ and the receptor.

A. control panel

B. extension arm

C. collimator

D. tooth

D. tooth

In dental imaging, no __________________ are used.

1. critical instruments

2. semicritical instruments

3. noncritical instruments

A. 1, 2, 3

B. 1, 2

C. 3 only

D. 1 only

D. 1 only

Which of the following are considered to be semicritical instruments?

A. The exposure button

B. The x-ray control panel

C. The lead apron

D. Receptor-holding devices

D. Receptor-holding devices

You have your patient in the chair, you have placed the receptor in your patient's mouth, and you have positioned the position-indicating device. Which of the following should you do next to take the x-rays?

A. Turn on the on-off switch.

B. Push the exposure button.

C. Turn on the exposure light.

D. Adjust the control devices.

B. Push the exposure button.

When dental images are properly prescribed, exposed, and processed, the benefit of disease detection ____________ the risk of small doses of x-radiation.

A. does not outweigh

B. is considered equal

C. slightly outweighs

D. far outweighs

D. far outweighs

On some dental x-ray machines, only the ____________ can be altered; the other parameters are preset by the manufacturer.

A. kilovoltage

B. exposure time

C. PID length

D. milliamperage

B. exposure time

According to the text, __________ is one of the most important uses of dental images.

A. habitual rote frequency

B. detection

C. maintaining a routine

D. insurance verification

B. detection

Dental images are a(n) _______________ comprehensive patient care.

A. adjunct to

B. necessary component of

C. option for

D. supplement to

B. necessary component of

Antiseptic is

A. the absence of pathogens, or disease-causing microorganisms.

B. a substance that inhibits the growth of bacteria.

C. the use of a chemical or physical procedure to inhibit or destroy pathogens.

D. the act of sterilizing.

B. a substance that inhibits the growth of bacteria.

Preparation of supplies and equipment involves sterilizing which of the following items?

A. Film

B. Film-holding devices

C. Lead apron

D. PID

B. Film-holding devices

(1) You can use dental images to help educate your patient on his dental caries and periodontal disease. (2) You can also use dental images to help your patient see a picture of common conditions that cannot be seen clinically. These include cysts, extra teeth, and retained roots.

A. Both statements are true.

B. Both statements are false.

C. The first statement is true, and the second statement is false.

D. The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

A. Both statements are true.

The collimator ____________

A. is always round.

B. restricts the size and shape of the x-ray beam.

C. is a solid piece of aluminum.

D. is fitted within the copper stem beneath the molybdenum cup.

B. restricts the size and shape of the x-ray beam.

(1) It is your responsibility to maintain competence in taking dental images; taking continuing education courses is one example. (2) You should always do your best to properly position and expose receptors in a manner that is accurate, time efficient, and comfortable for your patient.

A. Both statements are true.

B. Both statements are false.

C. The first statement is true, and the second statement is false.

D. The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.

A. Both statements are true.

(1) Highly resistant bacterial and mycotic (fungal) spores are not killed during disinfection procedures; (2) however, highly resistant bacterial and mycotic spores are killed during sterilization.

A. Both statements are true.

B. Both statements are false.

C. The first statement is true; the second statement is false.

D. The first statement is false; the second statement is true.

A. Both statements are true.

The position-indicating device (PID) is an extension of the

A. tubehead.

B. extension arm.

C. control panel.

D. exposure button.

A. tubehead.