Studied by 5 peopleGeorge-Louis Leclerc
🇫🇷 French nationalist
Proposed various causes of evolution with evidence
Wrote a 44-volume natural history series
Histoire Naturelle
George-Louis Leclerc wrote this 44-volume natural history series to describe plants and animals
Carolus Linnaeus
🇸🇪 Swedish botanist
Developed binomial nomenclature and classification
Father of taxonomy
Taxonomy
Carolus Linnaeus proposed this as a way to organize biotic life into a hierarchical structure in which a scientific name was assigned to each organism (Binomial Nomenclature)
Binomial Nomenclature
Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name
[ Genus ] [ Species ]
Erasmus Darwin
🇬🇧 British physician and naturalist
First to formally theorize about evolution in Zoonomia
Based his conclusions on development changes in animals, artificial animal breeding, and vestigial structures
Vestigial Structures
Present body parts that lack function
Georges Cuvier
🇫🇷 French Zoologist
Established comparative anatomy and paleontology
Developed Catastrophism
Catastrophism
Written by Georges Cuvier
Organisms are destroyed by natural catastrophes repeatedly, causing evolution and the creation of new species
James Hutton & Charles Lyell
Proposed Uniformitarianism
Uniformitarianism
Hutton and Lyell's principle that geologic processes that occurred in the past can be explained by current geologic processes
The same things that have happened before will play the same way in the future
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Developed Lamarckism
Proposed two principles: "The Law of Use and Disuse", "The Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics"
Lamarck's hypothesis: The environment can produce physical changes in an organism which can be inherited by the next generation
Lamarckism
An evolutionary theory by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck stating that species change over time by the use and disuse of structures and the inheritance of acquired traits
Opposes Darwinism
The Law of Use and Disuse
A principle which states that parts of the body that are used extensively develop whilst those that are not used deteriorate
The Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
A principle which states that an organism could pass its modifications to its offspring
Thomas Malthus
🏴 English economist
Published "An Essay on the Principle of Population" which stated that the human population's size is limited by the availability of necessary resources
Malthus' principle was the basis for Darwin's natural selection
Charles Darwin
🏴 English naturalist
Proposed his theory of evolution by natural selection
Formulated his theory after his voyage, and wrote the book, "On The Origin of Species"
Natural Selection
A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment
The Voyage of the Beagle
Charles Darwin's famous global voyage, where he found his first evidence of evolution
Galápagos Islands
The place where Charles Darwin made his observations during his voyage
Darwin's Study of Geology and Fossils
Earth must be old
Darwin observed geological changes that were the result of slow processes
Darwin collected fossils that differed from modern species
Observations of Nature
Genetic Variation: Genetic variation is inheritable
Limited Resources: Essential resources (e.g. food, space) are limited in every habitat
Overproduction of Offspring: More offspring are born than can survive. The capacity to overproduce was a characteristic shared by all species
Inferences from Observations
Struggle For Existence: Individuals compete for limited resources that enable them to survive
Unequal Reproductive Success: The inherited characteristics of some individuals make them more likely to survive (natural selection)
Descent With Modification: A population’s characteristics can change by natural selection, giving rise to new species
Modern Evolutionary Synthesis
Genes are responsible for hereditary characteristics
Population, not individuals, that evolve
Speciation occurs due to the accumulation of small genetic changes
Note 
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