from notes for bio test

each region on a polypeptide is called what

a domain

how are proteins able to embed itself into membranes

hydrophobic areas

which side of an amino acid embeded into a membrane is on the outside

amino group

multimeric proteins

quaternary structure

what type of structure is hemoglobin

quaternary structure

hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase

binds to steroids

metabolism

all of the reactions occurring in the body

anabolic reactions

build bigger molecules from smaller ones

catabolic reactions

breaks molecules down into smaller ones

energy metabolism

all reactions we use to generate useful energy

energy transferring molecules def

extremely weakly held together

break down almost immediately

use to power chemical gradients and chemical pumps

examples of energy transferring molecules

NADH, FADH, CoA

oxidized version

less hydrogen

reduced version of molecule

more hydrogens

short term energy storing molecules

molecules you can create that store energy in body, does not sit in body for long, gives energy away quickly

example of short-term energy storing molecules

ATP, CrP

what stores more energy, CrP or ATP

CrP by 5-10x more

what else can ATP be used for

used as a second messenger and extracellular chemical signal

long term energy storing molecules examples

carbohydrates, fats, proteins

shape conformation

physical and electrochemical shape

brownian motion

thermokinetic energy

the amount of kinetic energy causes something to move

which binding site affinity and specificity are we more interested in

regulatory molecules

normal human mlO2/Lblood

200

every red blood cell has a lot of what

hemoglobin

what two things are deadly to us

lactic acid and co

what does temperature increase that effects the affinity of regulatory molecules bs

increases brownian motion

what does CO2 increase when working out

acidity

CO2 and water makes what

bicarbonic ion

what type of reaction needs.2 binding sites

allosteric

lower affinity

temp up CO2 up and PH down

higher affinity

temp down CO2 down PH up

does the condition of 1 hemoglobin effect the ones near it

yes

example of allosteric interactions

CO2 binding to hemoglobin lowering affinity of O2 even though different binding sites

kinase

attaches a phosphate

what exists as monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

carbohydrates

principle monosaccharide

glucose

is glucose stored by cells

no, excess glucose combines to form a polymer glycogen

how long worth of glycogen does the liver and skeletal muscle store

24 hours worth

what are fats made out of

1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids

where is most fat stored in

adipose cells

is there a limit of how much fat can be stored

no limit

glycogen turns into glucose by what

phosphorylase

step to turn glucose back into glycogen

glycogen synthetase

phosphotase

removing a phosphate

what happens to glucose as we go towards pyruvate

it is getting oxidized

what really starts glycolysis

glycogen

per glucose

makes net worth of 2 ATP, makes 2 NADH+H+

what does pyruvate turn into before krebs cycle

acetyl coa

per pyruvate

makes 1 NADH+H+

enzyme

proteins that act as catalysts in chemical reactions, regulating reactions

catalyst

any chemical that makes a reaction that happens anywyas, faster

what lowers activation energy

a catalyst

an essential nutrient that can not be made in us

vitamins

why is there more calories in fats than carbohydrates

because more C-H bonds that can be oxidized to get more energy out of it

does krebs cycle directly use oxygen

no but it links oxygen

each acetyl coa makes what

1 GTP, 3 NADH+H+ 1 FADH2

substrate-level phosphorylation

a metabolic process that directly transfers a phosphate group from a reactive, phosphorylated intermediate (a substrate) to ADP to create ATP

when pyruvate gets reduced it turns into what

lactate

when pyruvate gets oxidized what does it turn into

acetyl CoA

catabolism of glucose

glycolysis

anabolism of glucose

glucogeonesis

catabolism of glycogen

glycolysis

anabolism of glycogen

glycogenesis

catabolism of protien

proteolysis

anabolism of protein

protein anabolism

catabolism of fat

lipolysis

anabolism of fats

lipogenesis

deamination

amino acid to keto acid

transamination

adds a amino to keto acid to create an amino acid

anabolism of fatty acids

fatty acid synthesis

anabolism of glucose

gluconeogenesis

catabolism of glucose

glycolysis

what does glycerol turn into

dihydroxyacetone

what does dihydroxyacetone turn into

pyruvate

beta oxidation

turns fatty acids into acetyl CoA

carbon added to pyruvate

oxaloacetate

glucose sparing

produces lots of ATP does not need to burn glucose for energy

how much acetyl coa per triglyceride

21-27

what does glycerol turn into

dihydroxy acetone phosphate

fatty acids turn into

acetyl-coa

how many amino acids are essential

about half are essential

difussion

automatic, driven by concentration gradient

concentration gradient

moves from high to low concentration

when can you not rely on diffusion

for long distances

what causes some solutes to have trouble crossing membrane

lipid membrane

what makes it harder for something to go through a membrane

if polar or electrically charged or bigger molecule

when osmolarity increases what does water concentration do

it increases

do penetrating solutes influence osmolarity

no they do not influence osmolarity

tonicity

ability of a solution to gain or loose water

hypertonic

A solution with a higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes than the inside of a cell. Water is transported outside of the cell

hypertonic

more non penetrating molecules, sucks in water

Flux rate

It measures the rate of net transport across a specific area

What is AFib

it is an irregular heartbeat. Atria beats irregularly causing not enough blood to pump out of the atria each beat

why does AFib increase risk of blood clots

from atria not draining properly

does ELIQUIS work for all types of AFib

no, eliquis should not be used for AFib due to a heart valve problem, or patients with artificial hearts valve, abnormal bleeding, or anti-phyospholipid syndrome

how does eliquis stop blood clots from forming

in the blood clotting pathway, facor Xa is a catalyst which converts an inactive enzyme “prothrombin” to its active form “thrombin”, in the normal coagulation cascade, the enzyme thrombin then converts plasma-soluble fibrinogen proteins into soluble fibrin strands which form the clot

why should people with anti-phospholipid syndrom not take eliquis

because this syndrom, immune system mistakenly makes antibodies that attack tissues in the body. These antibodies can cause blood clots to form in arteries and veins

Warfarin

medication used to reduce blood clotting in patients with APS

how are Warfarin and ELIQUIS in common

oth oral anticoagulants.

how are warfarin and eliquis different

eliquis stops clotting by inhibiting factor Xa, Warfarin stops it by competitely inhibiting the vitamin k epoxide reductase