anatomy first test

anatomy

the study of the structure of an organism

physiology

the study of how an organism’s body functions

cell

snallest unit of all living things

tissue

similar cells with a common function

organ

made of 2 or more types of tissues

organ system

group or organs working together toward a common goal

organism

highest level of structural organization for an individual

what functions are necessary for life

• maintaining boundaries: lets some substances in and keeps others out

• movement: internal movement and ability to move through surroundings

• responsiveness: sensing and reacting to changes in environment

• digestion: breaking down and observing nutrients

• metabolism: building larger molecules from smaller ones (anabolism) and breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones (atabolism)

5 survival needs

1. nutrients (thru digestion and metabolism)

2. oxygen (heart and lungs)

3. normal body temperature (skin, blood, muscles)

4. water (allows molecules to move through the body)

5. normal atmospheric press (provides appropriate gas exchange between lungs and environment)

anatomical position

• position in which the person stands upright with arms at sides, palms forward, feet together

• international standard position in which structures of the human body are described

anterior

front of the body

posterior

back of the body

other terms for anterior and posterior

ventral and dorsal

superior

above, or towards the head

inferior

below, or towards the feet

when are proximal and distal used

to describe the location of 2 points on the same limb

proximal

closer to where arm or leg inserts into the body

distal

farther from where arm or leg inserts into the body

midline

an imaginary line that cuts the body in half

medial

any point closer to the midline of the body

lateral

any point further from the midline of the body

how can we observe the body’s internal structures

by cutting the body up into planes

4 anatomical planes

sagittal, frontal, transverse, oblique

sagittal planes

divide body into left and right portions

frontal planes

divide body into anterior and posterior portions

transverse planes

superior and inferior portions

oblique

any diagonal section

how many major organ systems in the body

11

circulatory system

Transports blood, oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes throughout the body.

• blood carries gases like oxygen, arteries carry blood away, veins carry it back to the heart

digestive system

Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates solid waste.

• stomach has acid to help digestion, small intestine does the most absorbing nutrients while the large intestine absorbs water from the process

endocrine system

Produces and releases substances such as sweat, saliva, and digestive enzymes through ducts.

• includes many glands that secrete hormones like growth, adrenaline

execretory/urinary system

Removes wastes from the blood and regulates water and chemical levels in the body.

• kidneys help remove waste from blood

integumentary system

Protects the body from injury, infection, and water loss; includes the skin, hair, and nails, moderates temperature

• skin = largest organ

lymphatic/immune system

Defends the body against disease and helps remove excess fluid from tissues

• lymph is a clear fluid from blood plasma that surrounds cells, lymph nodes swell from many illnesses

• two pathogens - viruses and bacteria

muscular system

Allows the body to move and helps maintain posture and produce heat.

• skeletal, smooth, and cardiac are 3 types of muscle tissue

• 
  

nervous system

Controls and coordinates the body by sending electrical signals.

• includes the brain and spinal cord, controls voluntary actions with involuntary actions

reproductive system

Produces sex cells and hormones and allows reproduction.

respiratory system

Brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide.

• major organ = lungs

how many bones do adults have

206

skeletal system

Supports and protects organs, allows movement, and produces blood cells.

homeostasis

maintaining a stable, balanced, internal environment

planes

flat surfaces that cut and section anatomical structures

dorsal body cavity

encloses brain and spinal cord, protected by membranes called meninges

ventral body cavities

protect visceral organs, divided into thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavity

diagram of body cavities

serosa

lines ventral body cavities, double-layered membrane

• inner layer = visceral serosa

• outer layer = parietal serosa

• serous fluid-between both layers

abdominal cavity division

split into quadrants, or 9 regions

body quadrants and regions - abdominal cavity

other word for superior

cranial

other word for inferior

caudal

superficial

towards body surface

deep

away from body surface, more internal

key directional term diagram

cephalic

on the head

frontal

forehead

orbital

eye

nasal

nose

oral

mouth

mental

chin

otic

ear

occipital

back of head

cervical

neck

thoracic

chest

abdominal

belly

umbilical

belly button

pelvic

space between hips

pubic

genital

brachial

upper arm

carpal

wrist

dorsal

entire back

vertebral

backbone

lumbar

lowerback

gluteal

on the butt

femoral

thigh

patellar

knee

crural

shin

pedal

foot

3 organ systems and two major organ systems of each

• Digestive system: stomach, intestines

• Respiratory system: lungs, trachea

• Nervous system: brain, spinal cord

Explain why homeostasis is important for survival.

Homeostasis is important because cells need stable conditions to function properly and keep the body alive.

What is negative feedback? Give one example of negative feedback in the human body.

Negative feedback is when the body responds to a change by reversing it and returning conditions toward normal. For example, when body temperature rises, the body sweats to cool down.

Give an example of how organ systems work together. Explain

The respiratory and circulatory systems work together to provide oxygen to the body. The lungs bring oxygen into the body, and the blood carries that oxygen to cells.

positive feedback

when a change causes the body to increase or strengthen that change.

Example: During childbirth, contractions cause the body to release oxytocin, which makes the contractions stronger until the baby is born.