Quiz 1 Biol 212 CSULB

Element

Substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

Molecules

A group of elements bonded together (O2, H2, etc)

Compounds

Two or more different types of elements bonded together (H2O, CH4, etc.)

What are the four basic elements in the human body?

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, & Nitrogen

Atomic Number

Number of protons in the nucleus

Energy

Capacity to cause change

Potential Energy

Energy that matter has because of its location

What are weak chemical bonds?

Are reversible; Include bonds between ionic compounds dissolved in water, hydrogen bonds, & Van der Waals interactions.

Van der Waals interactions

Attractions between molecules that are close together.

Cohesion

Hydrogen bonding between two water molecules

Adhesion

Attraction between different substances

Surface Tension

Measure of how hard it is to break surface of a liquid.

Why does water have a high surface tension?

Emergent Property from hydrogen bonding

How does water moderate temperature?

Water absorbs heat from warmer air —> cools surroundings.

Releases stored heat to cooler air —> heats surroundings.

Define heat

Thermal energy transferred from one body of matter to another

*Always transfers from warmer to colder.

Define calorie

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1*C (1g/1*C)

What causes waters high specific heat?

Emergent Property from hydrogen bonding.

Evaporation

Heat a liquid must absorb for 1g to be converted to gas

Define heat of vaporization

the heat a liquid must absorb for 1g to be converted to gas

Define evaporative cooling

When a liquid evaporates the surface is cooled —> maintains temperature in organisms and bodies of water

What happens when an ionic compound is dissolved in water?

A hydrogen shell is formed around each ion

Define Structural Isomers

Compounds with same molecular formula but different covalent arrangements of their atoms.

Define Cis-trans isomers

Have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements

Define enantiomers

isomers that are mirror images of eachother

What’re the names of the monomers of Carbohydrates, Proteins, & Nucleic acids

Monosaccharides/Simple sugars, amino acids, nucleotides

Define Enzymes

large molecules that speed up chemical reactions

Define Dehydration reaction

Bonding of two monomers through the removal of a water molecule.

Define Hydrolysis

Polymers are disassembled to monomers by adding water

What classifies an aldose?

A double bonded oxygen to the end of the sugar

What classifies a ketose?

A double bonded oxygen in the middle of the sugar

Define Glycosidic linkage

dehydration reaction bonds two monosaccharides

What is starch?

storage of polysaccharides in PLANTS, consists of glucose monomers

What is glycogen?

storage of polysaccharides in ANIMALS, stored in liver & muscle cells, released by hydrolysis when sugars needed.

What is cellulose?

component of cell wall in plants

What does the starch alpha configuration look like?

Helical, can hydrogen bond in inter chain of starch —> hard to digest.

What do beta configuration cellulose molecules look like?

Straight & unbranched; can hydrogen bond with parallel strips.

Which polysaccharide can your body digest?

Starch. By hydrolysis alpha linkages. Cellulose is insoluble fiber to humans

What is the purpose of Chitin?

Provides structural support for cell walls of fungi & exoskeleton of arthropods

What is the unifying feature of lipids?

Mix poorly with water. Don’t dissolve (oil floats in water). Lipids are not considered true polymers (no monomer unit)

What are a few types of lipids?

fats, phospholipids, & steroids

What two monomers are fats composed of?

1. glycerol (3-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon)

2. fatty acids (carbon group attached to a long carbon skeleton)

What bond creates a triacylglycerol?

ester linkage of carboxyl group to glycerol

What can differ in every fatty acid of a fat molecule (truacylglycerol)?

Length of fatty acid, or different saturation with hydrogen on carbons on each fatty acid

Which of two types of fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible?

Saturated fatty acids (solid @ room temp)

What differs an unsaturated fatty acid from a saturated fatty acid?

Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds (a kink in the shape)

What type of fatty acid are most animal fats ?

Saturated fatty acids. Plants & fish are unsaturated fatty acids.

What process converts unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen?

Hydrogenation

Where do mammals store their long-term food reserves?

In adipose cells

What is a secondary function of adipose cells?

Adipose tissue cushions vital organs & insulates the body.

What is a phospholipid made of?

Two fatty acids & a phosphate group attached to glycerol

What part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic & hydrophilic?

Two fatty acids are hydrophobic & phosphate group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head.

What do phospholipids automatically self-assemble to in water?

A phospholipid bilayer with heads on the outside.

What is cholesterol classified as?

A steroid in animal cell membranes.

What do steroids consist of?

Carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings.