The Conquest and the Change of Empire (1760-1791)

Flashcards covering the military regime, the Treaty of Paris, the Royal Proclamation, the Quebec Act, the American Revolution, and the arrival of the Loyalists.

British Military Regime ($1760-1763$)

A provisional government introduced by Major General Jeffrey Amhurst while the Seven Years’ War continued elsewhere in the world.

Capitulation of Montreal

The event in $1760$ where the French surrendered New France to British control after being surrounded at Montreal.

Major General Jeffrey Amhurst

The British leader who introduced a military regime and changed the rules for the fur trade, including ending the sale of weapons and alcohol to First Nations.

Captains of militia

Individuals who served as intermediaries between the Canadiens and the British administration during the military regime.

Treaty of Paris ($1763$)

The treaty signed on February $10, 1763$, that ended the Seven Years’ War and gave New France to Great Britain.

St. Pierre and Miquelon

The two small islands that France retained following the Treaty of Paris in $1763$, along with fishing and drying rights on the coast of Newfoundland.

Pontiac’s Revolt ($1763-1766$)

An Indigenous coalition led by Chief Pontiac of the Odawa Nation that fought British control in the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley regions.

Royal Proclamation ($1763$)

A constitution that created the Province of Quebec, limited its territory to the St. Lawrence region, and recognized Indigenous territory for the first time.

James Murray

The first Governor General of the Province of Quebec who adopted a conciliatory approach by making concessions to the Canadiens to keep the peace.

The Test Act

A requirement for individuals to reject the Catholic Church in order to take part in the British government.

French Party

A political group composed of administrators and nobles who supported a policy of compromise with the Canadiens.

British Party

A political group of British merchants who pushed for assimilation, English laws, and the banning of the Catholic religion.

Guy Carleton

The governor who replaced Murray and continued the policy of concessions, eventually demanding changes to the constitution that led to the Quebec Act.

Quebec Act ($1774$)

A second constitution that enlarged the Province of Quebec, restored French civil law, and officially permitted the Catholic religion.

Oath of Allegiance

An oath to the British king that replaced the Test Act, allowing Canadiens to hold administrative positions without giving up their religion.

The Tithe

A tax that the Catholic Church was officially permitted to collect from the Canadiens under the Quebec Act.

No taxation without representation

A belief held by the inhabitants of the Thirteen Colonies that they should not be taxed by a Parliament in which they were not represented.

Tea Act

A law that gave the British East India Company a monopoly over trade to the colonies, leading to the Boston Tea Party.

Boston Tea Party ($1773$)

A protest in December $1773$ where colonists disguised as First Nations people threw chests of tea into Boston Harbour.

Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)

A series of laws passed by Great Britain in $1774$ that included closing Boston Harbor and allowing British soldiers to be housed in unoccupied buildings.

Treaty of Paris ($1783$)

The agreement signed between Great Britain and the United States of America that recognized American independence and defined new borders.

Loyalists

Colonists from the Thirteen Colonies who remained loyal to Britain and moved north; approximately $7000$ settled in the Province of Quebec.

Professional bourgeoisie

An emerging class of French-speaking doctors, lawyers, notaries, and entrepreneurs who began demanding a legislative assembly.

Voyageurs

Canadiens who continued to work in the fur trade after Britain took control of the industry in the Province of Quebec.

Wheat

The most important agricultural product in the colony, which was sold in local markets and exported to Great Britain.