Chapter 12

integument

skin; external covering of the body

epidermis

outermost layer of skin; avascular

avascular

without blood vessels

dermis

thick layer of skin under the epidermis

subcutaneous adipose tissue

- fatty tissue located under the dermis

- serves as insulation and cushion

cutaneous

pertaining to the skin

adipose

fatty

keratin

hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails

scleroprotein

a protein which is insoluble in most solvents

endoderm

innermost layer of cells of embryo

mesoderm

middle layer of cells of embryo

ectoderm

outermost layer of cells of embryo

dermatome

1) a layer that gives rise to dermal layers of the skin

2) instrument used for slicing skin

3) the skin surface area innervated by a single spinal nerve

pilomotor muscles

cause erection of the hairs of the skin

axilla

armpit

axillary

pertaining to the armpit

sudoriferous glands

sweat glands

perspiration

sweat

sebaceous glands

- oil glands in the skin

- arise from hair follicles and produce sebum

sebum

oily substance that inhibits the growth of bacteria and lubricates the skin

(hair) follicles

tiny tubes of epidermal cells that contain the root of the hair shaft

ungual

pertaining to the nail

(skin) lesion

any visible, localized abnormality of the skin (ex: wound, rash, sore)

seborrheic keratosis

- benign, flat, skin lesions with a "stuck-on" appearance

- often seen in older persons

circumscribed

describes a well defined lesion (you can draw a circle around it)

verruca

benign wart caused by a virus

nodule

marble-like, solid lesion

cyst

sac filled with fluid or a semisolid material

macules

small, nonraised spots on the skin (ex: freckles)

papules

small, raised lesions (ex: moles)

plaque

elevated, appears as a large patch (ex: dandruff)

vesicles

blisters less than 1 cm filled with clear fluid

bullae

blisters greater than 1 cm filled with clear fluid

pustules

vesicles filled with cloudy fluid or pus

wheals

itchy, slightly raised lesions with an irregular shape

atrophy (of the skin)

- wasting of the epidermis

- skin appears thin and transparent (ex: stretch marks)

ulcers

deep, irregularly shaped erosions that extend into the dermis

fissure

deep linear splits through the epidermis into the dermis

scales

dried fragments of sloughed epidermis

keloid

excessive overgrowth of scar tissue

laceration

torn, jagged wound

incision

smooth-edged wound produced by a sharp instrument

aseptic

free of pathogenic organisms

abrasion

results when skin is scraped or rubbed away by friction

contusion

bruise; swelling and discoloration

skin graft

transfer of healthy skin to an injured site (ex: helping burn victims)

abscess

localized collection of pus under the skin

albinism

absence of normal pigmentation, present at birth

melanin

skin pigment (gives skin its color)

albino

person affected with albinism

cellulitis

acute infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

contact dermatitis

skin rash resulting from exposure to an irritant that initiates an allergic response

cyanosis

bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygenated blood to tissues

dermatitis

inflammation of the skin

discoid lupus erythematosus

- chronic skin disorder characterized by scaly lesions

- reddish "butterfly" rash

erythema

redness or inflammation of the skin

frostbite

damage to the skin and tissues caused by extreme cold

furuncle

- boil; a painful localized infection

- originates in a gland or hair follicle

hypopigmentation

diminished pigment in the skin

ichthyosis

group of skin disorders marked by dry and scaly skin (like fish skin)

lipoma

benign tumor of fat cells

lyme disease

- infection caused by ticks

- targetlike bite appearance

malignant melanoma

any malignant tumors that oirignate in the skin and are composed of melanocytes

melanocytes

cells that produce melanin

mycodermatitis

inflammation of the skin caused by a fungus

necrosis

death of tissue or bone

pediculosis

infestation by lice

petechiae

tiny purple or red spots appearing on the skin as a result of tiny hemorrhages

psoriasis

chronic skin disorder characterized by circumscribed red patches covered by thick, dry, silvery scales

scabies

contagious dermatitis caused by the itch mite

scleroderma

hardening and thickening of skin

skin cancer

any neoplasm of the skin; most common and most curable

urticaria/hives

allergic reaction characterized by well-defined wheals with pale centers

xerosis

dryness of the skin

acne vulgaris

skin disease characterized by blackheads, whiteheads, and pus-filled lesions

folliculitis

inflammation of a hair follicle

hidradenitis

inflammation of a sweat gland

onychomycosis

fungal condition of the nails

onychopathy

any disease of the nails

seborrheic dermatitis/seborrhea

- dandruff

- inflammatory condition of the skin that begins with the scalp

trichosis

any abnormal condition of hair growth

liposuction

removes adipose tissue with a suction pump device

topical medications

drugs placed directly on the skin

bacteriostatic

inhibiting the growth of bacteria

bactericidal

killing bacteria

asepsis

absence of germs

sepsis

infection or contamination

septic

describes an infected wound

transdermal

- through the skin

- applying a drug to unbroken skin

antimicrobial

medicine applied to broken skin to prevent infection

antiperspirants

compounds that act against or inhibit perspiration

aspiration

withdrawal of fluid from a cyst with a syringe

biopsy

removal of a small piece of tissue for microscopic examination and diagnosis

punch biopsy

removal of a small core of tissue using a hollow punch

incisional biopsy

removal of a part of a tumor

excisional biopsy

removal of the entire tumor

cryosurgery

use of subfreezing temp to destroy tissue

curettage

scraping of material from a surface

debridement

removal of foreign material and dead/damaged tissue, especially from a wound

dermabrasion

treatment for the removal of superficial scars on the skin using abrasive materials