AP lang summer assignment

TONE

describes the author’s attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. Tone is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language.

Diction

creates tone

Imagery

descriptive language that appeals to the five senses.

Simile

a comparison using like or as

Metaphor

a comparison NOT using like or as

Analogy

shows how two things are alike, but with the ultimate goal of making a point about this comparison

Juxtaposition

When two words, phrases, images, ideas are placed closely together or side by side for contrast. 

CONTRASTS

showing that two ideas, images, objects, are different

Hyperbole

an exaggeration made in a phrase

Enumeration

 when a subject is divided into constituent parts or details, and may include a listing of causes, effects, problems, solutions, conditions, and consequences; the listing or detailing of the parts of something.

Irony

the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect.

Repetition

 the act of repeating something - whether it’s words, images, sentence structure,

Alliteration

repetition of the same sound beginning several words or syllables in sequence

Parallel Structure

a similarity of sentence structure structure in a pair or series of related (not the same) words, phrases, or clauses.

Anaphora

 a type of parallel structure in which the same word or words is/are repeated at the beginning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences.

Hypophora

Figure of reasoning in which one or more questions is/are asked and then answered, often at length, by one and the same speaker; raising and responding to one’s own question(s).

Rhetorical Question

differs from hypophora in that it is not answered by the writer because its answer is obvious or obviously desired, and usually just a yes or no answer would suffice.

Allusion

A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art.

Anecdote

a short amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person; used as evidence to support a writer’s claim

Hypothetical Example

an example used to illustrate a claim that has not actually happened but could be true

Personification

the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.

Ethos

a means of convincing an audience of an argument via the authority or credibility of the writer.

Logos

a means of convincing an audience of an argument through the crafting of a logical argument.

Pathos

a means of convincing an audience of an argument by creating an emotional response within the reader.