Chapter 1 Human AP

Levels of Organization definition

Least complex to Most complex

Levels of organization in order

Subatomic Particles

Atom

Molecule

Macromolecule

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organism

Subatomic Particle

protons, neutrons, electrons

Atom

tiny particles that make up chemicals (hydrogen, carbon)

Molecule

particles consisting of atoms joined together (water, glucose)

Macromolecule

large particles consisting of molecules (DNA, protein)

Organelle

functional part of a cell (mitochondrion, lysosome)

Cell

The basic unit of structure and function in living things

Tissue

Layer of mass of cells with specific function

Organ

group of different tissues with a function (heart, kidney, stomach)

Organ system

group of organs with common function (digestive system)

Organism

composed of organ systems interacting (human)

Medical Imaging

MRI

Ultrasound

Characteristics of life

Growth

Reproduction

Responsiveness

Movement

Metabolism

Respiration

Digestion

Circulation

Excretion

Requirements of a organism

Water

Food

Oxygen

Heat

Pressure

Atmosperic pressure

important for breathing

"high concentration to low concentration"

Hydrostatic pressure

Keeps blood flowing

"high concentration to low concentration"

Homeostasis

maintenance of a stable environment

Homeostatic Mechanisms

self-regulating systems that monitor aspects of the internal environment and correct them as needed

Step 1: Receptor

detects and provides info. about the stimuli

step 2:Control Center

Decision maker that maintains the set point

step 3:effector

muscle or gland that responds to the control center

Negative feedback

return conditions toward normal range

Positive feedback

effector is increased instead of reversed

Cranial

brain

Vertebral canal

spinal cord

Thoracic

lungs

abdominal pelvic

abdomin and pelvic

diaphram

muscle that seperated the thoracic and abdomin cavity

Mediastinum

area between the lungs containing the heart, aorta, venae cavae, esophagus, and trachea

abdominal cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs

pelvic cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

visceral membrane

the membrane covering each organ in a body cavity

parietal layer

lines the internal surface of the body wall

pleura

membrane around the lungs

pericardium

Membrane surrounding the heart

peritoneum

membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

organ systems

Intugementary

skeletal

muscular

nervous

endocrine

cardiovascular

lymphatic

digestive

respiratory

reproductive

superior/inferior

above/below

anterior/ posterior

front/ back

medial/lateral

toward the midline/away from the midline

bilateral

both sides

ipslateral

same side

proximal/distal

closer to trunk/further from trunk

superficial/deep

toward or at the body surface/away from the body surface

sagital

divides body into left and right

transverse

Divides body into upper and lower parts

coronal/frontal

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

cross

cut across the structure

oblique

angular cut

Longitudinal

length wise