Test for Cellular Respiration

What does the chemiosmotic process in chloroplasts involve?

Establishment of a proton gradient.

In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate, what is the ATP yield?

2 molecules of ATP are used and 4 molecules of ATP are produced.

What is the most direct source of energy used in chemiosmotic phosphorylation?

Energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase.

How are the electron vacancies in photosystem II filled?

The electron vacancies in P680 are filled by electrons derived from water.

What is the primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

To act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water.

During aerobic respiration, which molecule donates electrons at the lowest energy level?

FADH2.

What leads to an increase in the concentration of ATP in a cell?

An increase in a cell's catabolic activity.

What wavelength of light is most effective in driving photosynthesis?

420 nm.

Why do the absorption and action spectra differ for chlorophyll a?

Other pigments absorb light in addition to chlorophyll a.

What process does oxygen directly partake in during cellular respiration?

Accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain.

Where are the ATP synthase complexes located in a plant cell?

In the thylakoid membrane and plasma membrane.

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

In the stroma of the chloroplast.

What does photorespiration prevent from forming?

3-phosphoglycerate molecules.

Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation?

Glycolysis.

How do C4 plants minimize photorespiration?

They use PEP carboxylase to initially fix CO2.

What are the products of linear photophosphorylation?

ATP and NADPH.

How is ATP generated during glycolysis?

Through substrate-level phosphorylation.

What happens to a reducing agent in a redox reaction?

It loses electrons and loses energy.

Which is an example of potential energy?

A food molecule made up of energy-rich macromolecules.

What happens when NAD+ gains a hydrogen atom?

It becomes reduced.

What is proton-motive force?

The transmembrane proton concentration gradient.

Why do CAM plants keep their stomata closed during the day?

To reduce water loss by fixing CO2 into organic acids at night.

What does phosphorylation do to a molecule?

Increases its chemical reactivity and primes it for cellular work.

Which process proceeds normally regardless of oxygen presence?

Glycolysis.

What does yeast produce through fermentation in the absence of oxygen?

ATP, CO2, and ethanol.

How is ATP generated during fermentation?

Through substrate-level phosphorylation.

Where are the molecules of the electron transport chain found in plant cells?

In the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.

When do proton gradients across membranes occur?

During both photosynthesis and respiration.

What is the correct sequence of electron flow during photosynthesis?

H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle.

How many carbon atoms enter the citric acid cycle from one pyruvate?

When does synthesis of ATP by the chemiosmotic mechanism occur?

During both photosynthesis and respiration.

In aerobic respiration, what is the sequence of electron travel?

Citric acid cycle → NADH → Electron transport chain → Oxygen.

When does the reduction of NADP+ occur?

During photosynthesis.

What happens when hydrogen ions are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

Creation of a proton gradient.

What is the main role of antenna pigment molecules in the thylakoid membranes?

To harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll.