Unit I: The Cell - Biology 1

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the history of cell theory, types of microscopy, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and the structure and function of various cellular organelles.

Robert Hooke

The scientist who published Micrographia in 1665 and coined the term 'Cell' after observing cork tissue.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

The scientist who discovered 'animalcules' and the microscopic world in the 1670s using high-quality lenses.

Matthias Schleiden

A scientist who concluded in the 1830s that all plants are made up of cells.

Theodor Schwann

A scientist who concluded in the 1830s that all animals are made up of cells.

Rudolf Virchow

The scientist who proposed 'Omnis cellula e cellula' in 1855, meaning all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Modern Cell Theory Principle 1

All organisms are composed of one or more cells.

Modern Cell Theory Principle 2

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.

Modern Cell Theory Principle 3

Cells arise from pre-existing cells through division.

Modern Cell Theory Principle 4

Cells carry genetic materials (DNA) during division.

Modern Cell Theory Principle 5

All cells share similar chemical composition and metabolic activities.

Light Microscope (LM) Resolution

Has a maximum practical resolution of $200$ - $0.2\text{ µm}$.

Electron Microscope (EM) Resolution

Has a maximum practical resolution of $0.1\text{ nm}$ - $0.2\text{ nm}$.

Light Microscope Effective Magnification

Magnification ranges from $1,000\times$ to $1,500\times$.

Electron Microscope Effective Magnification

Magnification can reach up to $1,000,000\times$.

Prokaryotic Cell

A cell type (e.g., Bacteria, Archaea) that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotic Cell

A cell type (e.g., Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals) that contains a true nucleus and numerous membrane-bound organelles.

$$70S$$

The size of ribosomes found in prokaryotic cells.

$$80S$$

The size of ribosomes found in eukaryotic cells, which can be free or bound.

Binary Fission

The method of cell division used by prokaryotic cells.

Cell Membrane

A thin, flexible, selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer that controls what enters and leaves the cell.

Hydrophilic Heads

The glycerol and phosphate portion of a phospholipid that is 'water-loving'.

Hydrophobic Tails

The fatty acid portion of a phospholipid that is 'water-fearing'.

Cell Wall

A nonliving layer found outside the cell membrane in plants, fungi, and bacteria that provides support and protection.

Cytoplasm

A jelly-like substance enclosed by the cell membrane that provides a medium for chemical reactions.

Nucleus

The control organelle that contains DNA in chromosomes and is bounded by a nuclear envelope with pores.

Chromatin

The form DNA takes in non-dividing cells, where it appears spread out.

Chromosomes

Condensed DNA wrapped around proteins, formed during cell division.

Nucleolus

A structure inside the nucleus that makes ribosomes.

Mitochondrion

The 'powerhouse' of the cell that generates ATP (90\text{%} of cellular energy) through cellular respiration.

Cristae

The folded inner membranes of the mitochondria that increase surface area for chemical reactions.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A network of tubules with surface ribosomes that makes membrane proteins and proteins for export.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

An organelle that makes membrane lipids (steroids), regulates calcium in muscle cells, and destroys toxic substances in the liver.

Golgi Bodies

Stacks of flattened sacs with cis and trans faces that modify, package, and transport proteins.

Lysosomes

Organelles containing digestive enzymes used to break down food, bacteria, and waste; also responsible for apoptosis.

Apoptosis

A process of programmed cell death carried out by lysosomes.

Microfilaments

Threadlike structures in the cytoskeleton made of the protein actin.

Microtubules

Tubelike structures in the cytoskeleton made of the protein tubulin.

Centrioles

Paired structures found only in animal cells that help pull chromosome pairs apart during cell division.

Cilia

Short, hair-like appendages used for cell locomotion or moving fluids across cell surfaces.

Flagella

Long, whip-like appendages used for cell movement, such as in sperm cells.

Vacuoles

Fluid-filled sacs used for storage; plant cells typically have a large central version.

Chloroplasts

Organelles found in producers that use sunlight to produce glucose through photosynthesis.

Thylakoids

Inner membrane sacs of the chloroplast arranged in stacks called grana.

Stroma

The gel-like material surrounding the thylakoids within the chloroplast.

Mitosis

The cell division process undergone by somatic (non-reproductive) body cells.

Meiosis

The process used by gametic (reproductive) cells, such as sperm and egg cells, after mitosis.