apwh unit 5

enlightenment

enlightenment

intellectual movement applying new ways of understanding like rationalism and empiricist approaches to the natural world and human relationships

scientific revolution

pre enlightenment in which scientists disregarded biblical and religious authority to see how the world truly worked

deism

religion popular among enlightenment thinkers that believed God was real just didn’t intervene

atheism

rejection of religion

individualism

political idea believing the most basic element of society was the individual human, not collective groups

natural rights

political idea that claimed humans were born with certain rights that can not be infringed upon by anyone

john locke’s natural rights

life, liberty, property

social contract

political belief that humans must make governments to protect their natural rights

effects of the enlightenment

1) major revolutions (american, french, Haitian, latin american)

2) expansion of suffrage

3) abolition of slavery

4) end of serfdom

5) calls for women’s suffrage

olympe de gouges

female french activist writing declaration of the rights of women

seneca falls convention

american women gathering to call for a constitutional amendment recognizing womens rights

causes of revolutions

1) nationalism

2) ppl hate monarchist and imperial rule

3) new ways of thinking

popular sovereignty

power to govern was in the hands of the people

democracy

people have the right to vote and influence government policies

liberialism

ideology emphasizing protection of civil rights, representative gov, protection of private property, and economic freedom

american revolution

british American colonies rebelled and made their own country (french helped)

french revolution

french inspired by American revolution overthrew their gov

french document created after revolution

the declaration of the rights of man and citizen

haitian revolution

haiti seeking independence from france (toussaint louverture led!!)

latin American revolutions

creole military leaders (Simon Bolivar) fight for independence

propaganda movement

movement in the Philippines resulting from Spanish discrimination, Philippine revolution followed

industrial revolution

process by which states transition from agrarian economies (hand made goods) to industrial economies (machine made goods)

where did industrial revolution start

great britain

why did the industrial revolution start in great britain

1) proximity to waterways

2) geographical distribution of coal and iron

3) access to foreign resources

4) improved agricultural production

5) urbanization

6) legal protection of private property (protected entrepreneurs)

7) accumulation of capital (Atlantic slave trade result)

what helped the agricultural revolution

1) crop rotation (kept part of land unplanted so soil fertility was maintained)

2) seed drill (made sure seeds were planted efficiently and accurately)

water frame

used in textile factories to power machines using moving water

spinning jenny

operated looms creating textiles faster than by hand

steam engine

converted fossil fuel into mechanical energy (helped factories be built anywhere)

steamship helped..

transport mass produced goods faster and further

why didn’t eastern Europe industrialize quicker

1) lacked coal deposits

2) land locked

3) hindered by historically powerful groups

quentin canal

waterway connecting Paris to northern iron and coal fields, laid ground 4 industrialization

russia adopted ….. for industrialization

railroads (trans-siberian railroad) and steam engines

meiji restoration

japan borrows western technology + education to industrialize

first industrial revolution technologies

1) coal (steam engine, locomotive, steamships)

2) oil (internal combustion engine. better steam engine, used for automobile)

second industrial revolution technologies

1) steel (Bessemer process used to strengthen)

2) chemical engineering (synthetic dyes used for textiles, rubber)

3) electricity (light bulbs, subways, streetcars, telegraph)

effects of industrial revolution technologies

1) development of interior cities

2) increase in trade and migration

how did Egypt industrialize

with help of Muhammad Ali and tanzimat reforms

what were the tanzimat reforms in egypt

1) industrial projects (textile and weapons factories built)

2) agriculture (gov bought crops to be sold on world market)

3) tarrifs (taxes on imported goods, protected economy. forced to be removed by great Britain)

what power intervened with egypt’s industrialization?

britain

Tokugawa shogunate ____ themselves from western influence

isolated

why did Japan choose to industrialize

1) western powers dominated them

2) u.s. commodore Matthew Perry coming to Japan with ships having guns

meiji restoration

japan adopting western industrial practices to escape foreign domination

things Japan borrowed from west

1) culture (Japan sent people to learn about western tech, education and put it in their state)

2) government (Japan borrowed elected parliament from Germany)

3) infrastructure (built railroads, national banking system, factories for textiles)

mercantilism was replaced by …..

free market economics (better fit industrialization, market-driven)

adam smith pushed a … economy

laissez-faire (government needs to

free market critique

cure of working class and society was not free market economics but government legislation

zolverrein

customs union reducing trade barriers between German states but put tarrifs on imported goods

transnational corporations

company established and controlled in one country but also establishes large operations in many other countries

practices to fund transnational corporations

1) stock markets

2) limited liability

rapid rise of industrialized societies created the ….

middle class

calls for reform by working class

1) political reform (more of working class could vote)

2) social reform (social societies)

3) educational reform

4) urban reforms (sanitation infrastructure)

labor union

collective of workers who join together in order to protect their own interests

what did labor unions bargain for

higher wages, limited working hours, improved working conditions

german social democratic party was formed out of the ….

general German works association (advocated 4 marxist reform)

karl marx

created the communist manifesto and scientific socialism. hated capitalism!!!!

bourgeoisie

those who owned means of production

proletariat

those exploited by the bourgeoisie

british imported what illegal good into china

opium (led to opium wars yikes)

self-strengthening movement

chinese response to western powers forcing them into unequal treaties. took steps towards industrialization and revitalized culture

sino-japanese war

china cooked by newly industrialized japan

ottoman empire nickname

the sick man of europe

ottoman empire tanzimat reforms

1) built textile factories

2) expensive education system (secular)

3) implemented western style law codes/courts

young ottomans

wanted a European style parliament and a constitutional government that would limit the power of absolutist sultans (sultan accepted!)

new working classes

1) industrial working class (factory workers and miners)

2) middle class (white collar workers. lawyers, doctors, teachers)

3) industrialists (top of hierarchy, owned industrial corporations)

industrial problems

1) pollution

2) housing shortages

3) increased crime