AP Human Geo Unit 4 (PR 1)

Country

An identifiable area of land

Culture group

Another term for "nation", or a population with a single culture

Sovereign territory

A state that is fully independent from outside control

International recognition

When states recognize the sovereignty of another state

Stateless nation

A culture group without a sovereign state

Kurds

An ethnic group spread across northern Iraq, western Iran, eastern Syria, and southeastern Turkey

Basques

An ethnic group in northern Spain and southwestern France who do not have Celtic or Latin cultural or language roots

Hmong

Mountain peoples who have existed in rural highlands isolated from others in Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, and southern China

Irredentism

Advocating the restoration to their country of any territory formerly belonging to it

Confederation

a more or less permanent union of countries with some or most political power vested in a central authority

Supranational organizations

a type of multinational political union where negotiated power is delegated to an authority by governments of member states

United Nations

an international organization, with headquarters in New York City, formed to promote international peace, security, and cooperation

European Union

a political and economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe

Free trade union

no taxes or tariffs are charged on goods that cross the borders

Open-border policy

enables free movement of people between different jurisdictions with limited or no restrictions on movement, that is to say lacking substantive border control

Schengen plan

a treaty in 1985 which led to the creation of an area in Europe in which internal border checks were largely been abolished

Monetary union

Two or more countries with a single currency

Judicial union

provides a legal venue for cases between litigants in separate member states

Value-Added Tax (VAT)

a consumption tax added to a product's sales price

Fortress Europe

a term used to describe the sealing of EU borders

Territoriality

the expression of political control over space

Citizenship

the legal identity of a person based on the state where he or she was born or where he or she was naturalized as an immigrant

Expatriate

a person who lives outside their native country

Enclave

a minority culture group concentrated inside a country that is dominated by a different, larger culture group

Exclave

a fragmented piece of sovereign territory separated by land from the main part of the state's territory

Territorial sea

sovereign territory includes the area of sea from shore out to the 12-nautical-mile limit

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

within 200 nautical miles of its shores, a state controls all aspects of natural resource exploration and extraction

Antecedent boundary

a boundary that exists from prehistoric times

Relic boundary

former state boundary that still have political or cultural meaning

Subsequent boundary

boundary that results from conflict or cultural changes, such as war or migration

Superimposed boundary

boundary laid down for political reasons overtop cultural boundaries

Definition

when borders are claimed, negotiated, or captured

Delimitation

when borders are put on the map

Demarcation

when markers are places on the ground to show where borders lay

Physical border

natural boundaries--rivers, lakes, oceans, mountains, or deserts

Cultural border

estimated boundaries between nations, ethnic groups, or tribes

Geometric border

boundaries surveyed mostly along lines of latitude or longitude

Definitional border dispute

when border treaties are interpreted two different ways by states

Locational border dispute

when a border moves, like a river changing course or a lake drying up

Operational border dispute

when borders are agreed to, but passage across the border is a problem

Allocational border dispute

when a resource lies on two sides of a border--who gets what?

Frontier

open and undefined territory

Conference of Berlin

a diplomatic meeting in 1884 between European colonial powers to set the internal political boundaries in Africa