Jeopardy Exam 2 Patho

What stimulates new blood vessel growth?

Angiogenic factors

What is the term for “spreading cancer”?

Metastasis

What cells are least differentiated?

Stem cells

What is the overpopulation of cells?

Autonomy

What are the common routes of metastasis?

Lymphatics and blood vessels

What are forces moving water between ICF and ECF?

Osmosis

What is localized edema?

Cerebral edema

What fluid has the highest levels of potassium?

Intracellular fluid

What is the reason elderly patients are more at risk for dehydration?

Decreased muscle mass

What are the clinical manifestations of dehydration?

Dry mucus membrane, decreased urinary output, decreased BP, absent tears 

What is normal ABG values?

pH: 7.37

CO2: 39

HCO3: 25

What is facial spasms in the hypocalcemia patient?

Chvostek’s sign

What are positively charged and acidic electrolytes?

Na+, K+, Mg+, Ca2+

What is sodium (Na+)?

Electrolyte that is linked to water in fluid/electrolyte balance

What is kidney compensating for acidosis?

Acidic urine

What are arterial blood gasses (ABGs)?

The concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the bloodstream

What is respiratory alkalosis?

pH 7.5, CO2 30 mmHg, fever of 101, respirations of 26/min, dizziness, confusion, and tingling extremities 

What is major buffering pair in the plasma?

Carbonic acid/bicarbonate

What is the action of the lungs to increase pH?

Hyperventilation

What is respiratory alkalosis?

pH: 7.56

CO2: 20

HCO3: 23

What is the normal range of sodium (Na) in venous blood?

135-145 mEq/L

What is the normal value of HCO3 in an arterial blood gas?

22-26

What is the normal range of CO2?

35-45 mm Hg

What is the normal range of potassium in venous blood?

3.5-5 mEq/L

What is the normal range of pH in humans?

7.35-7.45

How do we compensate for metabolic acidosis?

Hyperventilation, excretion of H+ ions in the urine