Exam 2 Shortened

126

number of appendicular bones

male pelvis

pubic angle less than 60 degrees
narrow/vertical ilia
narrow greater sciatic notch
triangular pubic body
large/oval obturator foramen

female pelvis

pubic angle of approx. 90 degrees
wider/flared ilia
wider greater sciatic notch
rectangular pubic body
triangular obturator foramen

saddle joints

sternoclavicular, carpometacarpal of thumb; joint surfaces resemble saddle shape; biaxial

plane joints

acromioclavicular, intercarpal, carpometacarpal of digits 2-5, intertarsal, tarsometatarsal; side to side movement; uniaxial

ball-and-socket joints

glenohumeral, hip; spherical head into cuplike socket; multiaxial

hinge joints

elbow (humeroulnar and humeroradial), interphalangeal, knee (tibiofemoral and patellofemoral), talocrural; like hinge of a door; uniaxial

pivot joints

proximal/distal radioulnar; one bone rotates on its longitudinal axis; uniaxial

condylar joints

radiocarpal/wrist, metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal; oval, concave surface of one bone and convex of other; biaxial

intertarsal

plane joint between tarsals

tarsometatarsal

plane joint between distal tarsal bones and metatarsals

metatarsophalangeal (MP)

condylar joint between metatarsals and proximal phalanges

interphalangeal (IP)

hinge joint between phalanges

articular cartilage

cartilage found in shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand joints, knee, hip, ankle, foot joints, and other joints; cap ends of articulating bones

fibrous cartilage

cartilage found in supporting muscles, tendons, and ligaments, as well as the menisci of the knees, etc.

hip movements

flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction, hip rotation

knee movements

flexion, extension, medial rotation, lateral rotation

ankle movements

plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, inversion, eversion

pectoralis minor

protracts and depresses scapula

serratus anterior

protraction, superior rotations, and stabilization of scapula

subclavis

depresses and stabilizes scapula

levator scapulae

elevates and inferiorly rotates scapula

rhomboid major and minor

elevates, retracts, and inferiorly rotates scapula

trapezius

superior fibers: elevates and superiorly rotates scapula
middle fibers: retracts scapula
inferior fibers: depress scapula

subscapularis

rotates arm medially
origin: subscapular fossa of scapula
insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus

infraspinatus

adducts and laterally rotates arm
origin: infraspinous fossa of scapula
insertion: greater tubercle of humerus

teres minor

adducts and laterally rotates arm
origin: upper dorsal lateral border of scapula
insertion: greater tubercle of humerus

supraspinatus

abducts arm
origin: supraspinous fossa of scapula
insertion: greater tubercle of humerus

elbow flexors

biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis

elbow extensors

triceps brachii, anconeus

flexor pollicis brevis

flexes thumb

abductor pollicis brevis

abducts thumb

opponens pollicis

opposition of thumb

adductor pollicis

adducts thumb

flexor digiti minimi

flexes finger 5

abductor digiti minimi

abducts finger 5

opponens digiti minimi

opposition of finger 5

gluteal group

gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus

adductor group

adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, pectineus

quariceps

rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis

hamstrings

biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus

psoas major and iliacus

flexes thigh

sartorius

flexes and laterally rotates thigh; flexes and medially rotates leg

rectus femoris

flexes thigh; extends leg
origin: anterior inferior iliac spine
insertion: quadriceps tendon to patella and then patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity

adductor longus and brevis

adducts and flexes thigh

gracilis

adducts and flexes thigh; flexes leg

pectineus

adducts and flexes thigh

adductor magnus

adducts thigh, flexes thigh, extends and laterally rotates thigh

tensor fasciae latae

abducts and medially rotates thigh

gluteus maximus

extends and laterally rotates thigh
origin: iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx
insertion: iliotibial, linea aspera, gluteal tuberosity of femur

gluteus medius

abducts and medially rotates thigh
origin: posterior iliac crest; lateral surface between posterior and anterior gluteal lines
insertion: greater trochanter of femur

gluteus minimus

abducts and medially rotates thigh
origin: lateral surface of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines
insertion: greater trochanter of femur

piriformis

laterally rotates thigh
origin: anterolateral surface of sacrum
insertion: greater trochanter of femur

biceps femoris

extends thigh, flexes and laterally rotates leg
long head: extends thigh
origin: ischial tuberosity
insertion: head of fibula
short head
origin: linea aspera
insertion: head of fibula

semimembranosus and semitendinosus

extends thigh, flexes and medially rotates leg

vastus intermedius

extends leg
origin: anterolateral surface of femur
insertion: quadriceps tendon to patella and then patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity

vastus medialis

extends leg
origin: intertrochanteric line and linea aspera of femur
insertion: quadriceps tendon to patella and then patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity

vastus lateralis

extends leg
origin: greater trochanter and linea aspera of femur
insertion: quadriceps tendon to patella and then patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity

leg flexors

sartorius, gracilis, hamstrings

leg extensors

rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis

dorsiflexors

extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, tibialis anterior

plantar flexors

superficial layer: gastrocnemius, soleus
deep layer: flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior

dorsal surface

extensor hallucis brevis, extensor digitorum brevis (toe extensors)

plantar surface

layer 1 (superficial): flexor digitorum brevis, abductor hallucis, abductor digiti minimi (toe flexors, adductors, abductors)

ulnar nerve innervation

flexor carpi ulnaris, hypothenar, palmar interossei, dorsal interossei, adductor pollicis

radial nerve innervation

posterior arm/forearm muscles

axillary nerve innervation

deltoid and teres minor

musculocutaneous nerve innervation

brachialis, coracobrachialis, biceps brachii

median nerve innervation

most anterior forearm muscles

femoral nerve innervation

quadriceps muscles, iliopsoas, sartorius; motor

obturator nerve innervation

adductor magnus, gracilis, obturator externus; motor

genitofemoral nerve innervation

small area in superior anterior thigh, scrotum in males, labia majora in females; cutaneous

sciatic nerve

largest nerve in the human body

tibial nerve innervation

long head of biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, gastrocnemius, soleus, popliteus, tibialis posterior; motor

common fibular nerve innervation

short head of biceps femoris; motor

deep fibular nerve innervation

tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, fibularis tertius, extensor hallucis brevis, extensor digitorum brevis; motor

superficial nerve innervation

fibularis longus and fibularis brevis; motor

tunica intima

allow fluid to flow smoothly, ensure flow continues on one direction; endothelium tissue; has endothelium lining layer and subendothelial layer

tunica media

provides support, changes vessel diameter to regulate blood flow and pressure; smooth muscle tissue

tunica externa

anchors vessels to surroundings, basic structural support; connective tissue

elastic arteries

conducting arteries; largest; walls contain elastic fibers (especially abundant in tunica media, allow stretch when the heart pumps blood), branch into muscular arteries
ex. aorta, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, brachiocephalic trunk, common carotid arteries, subclavian arteries, common iliac arteries

muscular arteries

distributing arteries; medium-sized; possess elastic fibers in two concentric circles (internal elastic lamina and external elastic lamina); have proportionately thicker tunica media with multiple layers of smooth muscle cells; most names arteries; branch into arterioles
ex. brachial artery, radial artery, ulnar artery, femoral artery, anterior tibial artery, inferior mesenteric, coronary, etc.

arterioles

resistance vessels; smallest, number of tunica and thickness varies; generally all have less than six cell layers of smooth muscle in tunica media; sympathetic innervation to muscles fibers in tunica media causes vasoconstriction
ex. efferent and afferent

capillaries

exchange vessels; connect arterioles to venules; one layer endothelium; diffusion of nutrients and gases; metarteriole to true capillaries: guarded by sphincters, open when tissue need nutrients, close when needs are met

vasoconstriction

decrease in the diameter of blood vessels; elevates blood pressure (upstream) and decreases local blood flow to downstream capillaries

continuous capillaries

complete lining, most common type
ex. in muscles, brain

fenestrated capillaries

endothelial cells contain pores, allowing exchanges between blood and interstitial tissue
ex. small intestine, kidney

sinusoids capillaries

contain large gaps between endothelial cells and a discontinuous basement membrane, allow transport of large molecules and cells to and from blood
ex. in liver (detox)

Achilles tendon rupture

An Achilles tendon rupture is a tear, complete or partial, to the calcaneal tendon when it is stretched beyond its capacity. A tear can occur due to jumping, pivoting, suddenly accelerating, tripping, or falling. Symptoms include sudden, stabbing pain, swelling, a popping sound or sensation, and difficulty walking, especially going upstairs. A tear can be treated with surgery, or left without surgery depending on the patient's lifestyle.