advances in the management and protection of the environment
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gross domestic product is
the sum total of all the value of goods produced by the nation in a year measured in US dollars
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GDP per capita is
GDP divided by population measured in US dollars
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gross national income is
the total value of goods and services produced by a country per year and net income earned abroad measured in US dollars
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GNI per capita
GNI divided by population measured in US dollars
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birth rate
number of live babies born per thousand per year
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death rate
number of deaths per thousand per year
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life expectancy
average age a person can expect to live to
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infant mortality rate
number of babies who die under 1 years old per thousand
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literacy rate
percentage of adults who can read and write
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human development index (HDI)
calculated using life expectancy, education level, and income per head ranges from 0 to 1
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happy index
calculated by dividing a country's life expectancy, well being and level of inequality by its environmental impact graded either green, amber, or red
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LIDCs are
the poorest in the world with the lowest GNI per capita there are low standards of living
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LIDC economies are usually
based on primary industry not many goods are exported not enough money to spend on development
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examples of LIDCs
Afghanistan Somalia Mali Nepal
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EDCs are
generally getting richer standards of living are improving
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EDC economies are
moving from primary to secondary industry high exports of manufactured goods more money to spend on development
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examples of EDCs
Brazil Russia India China
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ACs are
the wealthiest countries in the world highest GNI per capita high standards of living
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AC economies are
based on tertiary and quaternary industry lots of money to spend on services
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examples of ACs
UK USA France Canada Australia
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physical factors affecting development
poor climate few natural resources bad location lots of natural hazards
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poor climate
not much food will grow reduces food production leading to malnutrition less crops to sell so less income made
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few natural resources
less to sell some countries may not have infrastructure to extract or transport raw materials
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bad location
landlocked countries cannot easily transport goods
more expensive to import and export goods
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lots of natural hazards
cause deaths and injuries destroy property and posessions lots of money spent rebuilding after disasters occur
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human factors affecting development
conflict debt disease and healthcare politics education trade tourism aid
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conflict
money is spent on arms and fighting people are killed and the area is damaged money spent repairing infrastructure and property
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debt
money has to be paid back usually with interest any new money made is used to pay the debt back
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disease and healthcare
people who are ill cannot work expensive medication or healthcare is needed
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politics
corrupt governments may take money used for services may prevent fair elections from happening comapnies and other countries unlikely to invest not many trade links made
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education
produces a more skilled workforce so higher income country can produce more goods more services offered
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trade surplus is
when the cost of a country's exports exceeds the value of its imports
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trade deficit is
when the cost of a country's imports exceeds the value of its exports
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exporting primary products is
less profitable than exporting manufactured goods prices tend to fluctuate
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tourism
more money entering the country so more income
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aid
can be spent on development projects however countries may only rely on aid and will not develop trade links
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Rostow's model
a model of economic development
describes a country's linear progression
occurs in five stages
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stage 1 of Rostow's model
traditional society farming, fishing and forestry based little trade
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stage 2 of Rostow's model
preconditions for takeoff manufacturing develops and infrastructure is built international trade begins
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stage 3 of Rostow's model
take off rapid growth and large scale industrialisation increasing wealth
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stage 4 of Rostow's model
drive to maturity economy grows so people get wealthier standards of living rise widespread use of technology
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stage 5 of Rostow's model
high mass consumption lots of trade and goods are mass-produced people are wealthy
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millennium development goals (MDGs)
eight goals adopted by the UN to address inequality in the international system with the objective to improve people's lives globally by 2015
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sustainable development goals (SDGs)
goals created by the UN to build on the work accomplished via the MDGs by 2030
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top-down aid is when
an organisation or government receives the aid and decides where it should be spent
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bottom-up aid is when
money is given directly to local people
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tied aid
aid given to a foreign country with conditions attached
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short-term aid is when
aid is sent to help countries cope with emergencies
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advantages of short-term aid
country recovers faster money for development isn't used for the emergency
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disadvantages of short-term aid
doesn't help with long-term recovery food aid may limit the price farmers can charge for their crops
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long-term aid is when
aid is given over a long period to help countries develop
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advantages of long-term aid
most projects aim to be sustainable most projects aim to improve life for lots of people most projects aim to build trade links
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disadvantages of long-term aid
recipient country may only depend on aid aid can often be tied
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debt relief
the partial or total remission of debts not all of the money borrowed has to be paid back
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advantages of debt relief
frees up money that can be spent on development donor countries can specify how the cancelled debt should be spent
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disadvantages of debt relief
donor countries may be reluctant to cancel countries with corrupt governments money will not be used where it is needed
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trans national companies (TNCs)
companies that are located in or produce and sell products in more than one country
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TNC factories are usually located in
poorer countries because labour is cheaper less environmental and labour regulations
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TNC offices and headquarters are usually located in
richer countries more people with administrative skills
Studied by 2 people
