World History The Rise and Spread of Islam

this move form Mecca to Medina became known as the and serves as the starting point of the official

hijra (migration),Islamic calendar

he began to refer to himself as the in which he would be the final through whom Allah would reveal his message to

“ seal of the prophets”,prophet,humankind 

Five Pillars of Islam

2. Muslims must pray to Allah daily while facing Mecca 

5. Muslims who are physically and financially must undertake the hajj and make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca

Islamic holy law, known as the emerged after the death of and offers detailed guidance on proper behavior in almost every aspect of

sharia,Muhammad, life 

thus in the century after Muhammad’s death, Islamic armies under the Umayyad dynasty carried out their greatest  military expansion against two empires: 

• 1) Sasanid Empire  

• Islamic forces overthrew the Sasanid Empire (the last of the 4 great Persian empires) 

      2) the Byzantine Empire  

Disagreements over led to the emergence of the , the most important and enduring of all the alternatives observed by the majority of Muslims known as

succession,Shia sect, Sunni Islam 

thus Islam split over the succession of       into          and        and the majority of Muslims today are Sunnis  

Muhammad,Sunnis,Shia,

Under the , carried out its greatest

Umayyads,Islam,military expansion 

the Umayyads ruling the favored the Arab military aristocracy by and among the

dar al-Islam (“house of Islam”),distributing land,positions of power,privileged class 

the Arabs mostly allowed           to observe their own        , they levied a special       , the         on those who did not convert to     

conquered people, religions,head tax,jizya,Islam

thus the         ended the        

Abbasid dynasty,Umayyad dynasty 

While Arabs continued to play a large role in , Persians, Egyptians, Mesopotamians and others also rose to positions of , Abbasids showed no special favor to like the had 

government, wealth and power,Arab military aristocracy,aristocracy,Umayyads

The also differed from the in that it was a

Abbasid dynasty,Umayyad,not,conquering dynasty 

The Abbasid Dynasty

battle of Talas River

this battle ended into and opened the door for the spread of among people 

Chinese expansion,central Asia,Islam,Turkish

        came from       where they built a         new

Central authority,Baghdad,magnificent, city 

as       did not recognize       

Islam,priests

heard cases of and rendered based on the and the

qadis, law ,decisions,Quran, sharia 

helped to ensure widespread of

observance,Islamic law 

  In         .,the was        officially ended by the     

1258 A.D,Abbasid Empire,Mongols 

The most important       traveled from               

crops,India,westward

the introduction of these into of the led to a in

crops, western regions,Islamic world,dramatic, increase, food supply 

Increased contributed heavily to

agricultural production,growth of cities in all parts of the Islamic world 

drew much of its from

Islamic society,prosperity,commerce 

        also stimulated the       of the        

Banks,commercial economy,Islamic world 

Because of improved , expanded and refined techniques of , surged in the

transportation,banking services,business organization,long-distance trade,early Islamic world 

This area was known as al-Andalus

the Iberian peninsula

established its own and was not ruled by the

al-Andalus,caliphs,Abbasid Dynasty 

thus the             were all very        

Umayyad, Abbasid and al-Andalus dynasties,patriarchal    

were more concerned with to than with mastery of

Sufis,devotion,Allah,doctrine  

Both the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties’ were heavily influenced by earlier

administrative techniques,Persian empires 

Thus the two areas that were most responsible for a golden age in Islamic civilization were and due to their contributions in such areas as (e.g., astronomy and medicine), geography, and philosophy   

India,Greece,mathematics, science