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Crespi’s study showed that different incentive objects affect NOT what is learned, but what?
How hard the organism is willing to perform
What would it look like if a rat emits a full-blown consummatory response in the start box of a maze
It would be rather disruptive (and maladaptive), chewing and swallowing nonexistent food
For what does the symbol sg stand?
Partial response stimulus feedback
When does an unlearned frustration response occur?
when efforts result in nothing
To what does frustration from non-reward normally lead?
Competing responses or behaviors that take the organism off in new and more adaptive directions
Animals accustomed to what type of reinforcement schedule tend to persist in responding longest in extinction?
Partial reinforcement schedule
What is the partial reinforcement extinction effect?
Partially reinforced responses are more persistent than continuously reinforced responses
Doing badly on a test may motivate us to do different things based on our individual histories. Give two examples from the text of how we might behave after we screw up on a test
Studying harder for the next test or lead to competing behavior like listening to our favorite CDS.
How did Adelman and Maatsch’s rats learn to escape from the frustration of non-reward?
Some retraced their steps to the beginning of the maze and others jumped out of the box
According to Mowrer, to which emotion does any increase in drive lead
fear
To what emotion does a decrease in drive lead?
hope
When does disappointment occur, according to Mowrer
When hope cues that predict a decrease in drive do not lead to an actual reduction in drive
When does relief occur?
When cues that signal an increase in drive are taken away
Cues associated with the triggering of emotion eventually become capable of what
Triggering the emotion before the emotion-producing event
Miller pointed out a particular conceptual difficulty with Mowrer’s approach. Specifically, what can it not explain about behaviors?
how behavior is triggered the first time
Tolman viewed behavior as purposive. Explain.
Humans develop expectations that particular behavior will lead to particular goals
An important aspect of Tolman’s view was that incentive objects influence behavior only if
they are experienced enough times so that a cognitive expectation is built up
What behaviors were seen when the monkeys discovered the lettuce?
They did not eat it but searched for the lost banana and sometimes shrieked at the experimenter as if angry
As Szymanski’s female rat’s litter got older, what happened to her performance in the maze?
Her speed and accuracy declined.
Bindra’s model emphasizes the production of a central motive state. What does it activate?
Goal-directed behaviors towards incentive objects
What combines to produce a central motive state?
the orgasmic state (drive) and stimuli from the goal object (incentive)
Incentive objects may be either positive or negative. positive incentives elicit? while negative incentives generate ?
approach behavior, withdrawal.
Bindra’s system provides a model that includes the state of the organism (_______________), the influence of the goal properties (__________________), and the association of cues with incentive (__________________________).
drive, incentive, predictability
What is Klinger’s basic idea?
The importance of meaningfulness for peoples lives
Explain how incentives and goals differ according to Klinger (and give an example from your life).
Incentives are objects or events that are valued, and goals are what we are motivated to maintain. I;e losing weight is a goal
Name Klinger’s five disengagement phases and describe one briefly.
Invigoration, Primitivization, Aggression, Depression, Recovery
Depression: when all attempts at reaching a goal fail, depression sets in.
Working through grief is a disengagement process with four separate dimensions, according to Bowlby and Parkes. What are the four
Shock or numbness,
Yearning and searching,
Disorientation and disorganization,
and resolution and reorganization
The secondary system of receptors that detect chemical indicators of sexual readiness is called the _________________________________________________.
vomeronasal organ (VNO)
What is a possible cause of the synchronization of menstrual cycles that is often noted in groups of women living close together
The odorless axillary compound from women
Cunningham has found that the 8 physical characteristics of the female face that are rated attractive by males include three about the eye area. Name them
large pupils, large eyes, high eyebrows,
After health and age, a third characteristic that Symons proposes as sexually attractive in women is
novelty
For the female, sexual attractiveness would appear to be based less on physical characteristics such as handsomeness than on
skills, abilities, and status
Explain one of the four ideas about addiction according to Robinson and Berridge
Potentially addictive drugs share the ability to produce long-lasting adaptions in neural systems
Why might a person find a particular behavior especially rewarding
That behavior triggers reward circuits in the brain that are usually triggered by more basic behaviors such as obtaining food or sex with a mate
