Learning Ch. 5

Insight

________- the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly.

Spontaneous Recovery

________- reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred.

Ivan Pavlov

________ inspired Jon Watson to work on this idea of classical conditioning.

Biological Preparedness

________- tendency to learn certain associations with only one or few pairings due to survival value of the learnings (ex.

Cognitive Perspective

________- focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning.

Vicarious Conditioning

________- involuntary response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person (ex.

Interval schedule

________ means the timing of the response is more important.

permanent change

Learning- any relatively ________ in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

Reinforcers

________- any events or objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again.

Partial Reinforcement Effect

________- the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction (ex.

20 times

A rat pushes a lever for an average of ________ for food, or reinforcement)

Variable Ratio Schedule the number of response

________ required for reinforcement is different each trial (ex.

Helplessness

Learned ________- the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of repeated failures in the past.

CR

Conditioned Response (________)- learned reflex response to a CS.

Reflex

________- an involuntary response.

CS

Conditioned Stimulus (________)- stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the UCS.

Extinction

________-- disappearance or weakening of a learned stimulus response following removal or absence of UCS.

Ratio schedule

________ means the number of responses is more important.

Classical Conditioning

________- learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, neutral stimulus (ex.

Punishment

________ by Application- the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus.

Removal

Punishment by ________- the ________ of a pleasurable stimulus.

Emotional Response

Conditioned ________ (CER)- ________ classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli.

Ratio Schedule the number of responses

Fixed ________ required for reinforcement is always the same (ex.

Higher Order Conditioning

________- occurs when a strong CS is paired with a NS, causing the NS to become a second CS.

Taste Aversion

Conditioned ________- developing nausea or aversive response to particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction; one trial learning (ex.

-may lead to phobias

irrational fear responses

CS and UCS must come very close together in time

seconds apart

NS

UCS pairings must occur repeatedly before conditioning takes place

Behavior Modification

the use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior

Token Economy

the use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or priveleges

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response

Latent Learning

learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

Insight

the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly

Learned Helplessness

the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of repeated failures in the past

Observational Learning

learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior

Learning/Performative Distinction

referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior