memory and development psychology

What is memory?

The process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

Who was Herman Ebbinghaus?

The first person to study memory, known for his work on the forgetting curve.

What is the forgetting curve?

A graphical representation showing the rate at which information is forgotten over time.

What does the Information Processing Model of Memory compare memory to?

It compares memory to a computer.

What are the three stages of memory?

Sensory Memory, Short-term Memory, Long-term Memory.

What is sensory memory?

A type of memory that briefly stores information at the level of the senses, lasting 1-2 seconds.

What is short-term memory?

A temporary memory that lasts up to 30 seconds and can hold about 7 bits of information.

What is chunking?

The process of organizing information into meaningful units to enhance memory.

What are some conditions when absentmindedness occurs?

Familiar settings, routine tasks, being stressed or preoccupied.

What is decay in memory?

The fading of memories over time due to biological processes.

What is interference in memory?

When new information gets in the way of previously stored information.

What is retrieval failure?

The inability to access stored memories, often described as having a junk box of memories that can't be organized.

What is motivated forgetting?

The process of forgetting memories that are too painful or distressing.

What are mnemonics?

Memory aids that use rhymes or tricks to help remember information.

How can one improve their memory?

By using techniques such as encoding information in multiple ways and teaching others.

What is eyewitness memory?

The accuracy of recalling information about events witnessed, which can often be compromised.

What can lead to inaccuracies in eyewitness memory?

How questions are framed, media influence, and talking to others about the event.

Who was Harry Harlow?

A psychologist who challenged the notion that attachment was solely based on feeding.

What did Harry Harlow's study with rhesus monkeys demonstrate?

That attachment is based more on comfort and security than on feeding.

What are the three parenting styles identified by Diana Baumrind?

Authoritarian, Permissive, and Authoritative.

Describe authoritarian parenting.

Low warmth and high control; emphasizes obedience and has few reasons for rules.

Describe permissive parenting.

High warmth and low control; few demands and tolerates many decisions made by the child.

Describe authoritative parenting.

High warmth and moderate control; encourages discussion and provides reasons behind rules.

What is the potential impact of authoritarian parenting on children?

Children may become passive, anxious, or rebellious.

What is the potential impact of permissive parenting on children?

Children may become spoiled or very self-reliant.

What is the potential impact of authoritative parenting on children?

Children may become independent, secure, responsible, and socially competent.

What role do neurons play in memory?

Memory is a biological process influenced by the health and functioning of neurons.

What is the primary challenge of studying memory?

Understanding how memories are encoded, stored, and retrieved accurately.

What technique enhances memory recall by engaging multiple senses?

Using imagery and visualization.

What does it mean to encode information in more than one way?

Utilizing diverse sensory methods to improve retention and recall of information.

What happens to memory information during the initial encoding phase?

It is translated into a suitable format for storage.

What is one popular mnemonic for remembering the order of operations in math?

PEMDAS: Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction.

What can lead to false memory syndromes?

The implantation of inaccurate memories of events due to external influences.

What influences attachment in children according to Harlow's research?

Comfort and security from caregivers rather than just feeding.

What is a characteristic of children raised in authoritarian households?

They may struggle with social competence due to a lack of flexibility in discipline.

What is a characteristic of children raised in permissive households?

They may lack self-discipline due to the absence of rules.

What is a characteristic of children raised in authoritative households?

They tend to be more independent and socially competent.

How does anxiety affect memory recall?

Anxiety can hinder memory functions and the ability to retrieve memories accurately.

What is a common method for organizing information in short-term memory?

Chunking information into smaller, manageable units.

Why might someone experience retrieval failure?

Because the memory is there but cannot be accessed, often needing cues to retrieve.

What happens when two types of information interfere with each other's retrieval?

Interference occurs, making it difficult to recall certain memories.

What does the term 'memory decay' refer to?

The natural fading of memories over time.

How long does information last in sensory memory?

1-2 seconds.

What is the average duration for short-term memory retention?

Up to 30 seconds.

How many bits of information can an average person hold in short-term memory?

About 7 bits.

How can stress influence memory recall?

Stress can cause distractions and hinder the ability to focus on recalling memories.

What is an example of a method to enhance memory retention?

Using mnemonics or teaching the information to someone else.

In Harlow's experiments, what material were surrogate mothers made of?

Soft materials to promote comfort.

What is the significance of asking how questions in relation to eyewitness memory?

It can shape a person's recollection of events leading to inaccuracies.

What is an essential aspect of authoritative parenting?

Encouraging open dialogue and considering a child's perspective.

What effect does low warmth in parenting have on children?

It can lead to passive, anxious behaviors.

What can be a consequence of successful mnemonics use?

Improved memory recall and retention of information.

What does the phrase 'just can't find what you're looking for' describe?

Retrieval failure in memory.

What role does discussion play in authoritative parenting?

Promotes understanding and respects children's viewpoints.

What is the suggested benefit of teaching information to others?

It reinforces one's own understanding and memory of the topic.

How do routines impact memory retrieval?

Familiarity can lead to absentmindedness and affect memory recall.

What is one outcome of children raised in a permissive environment?

They may lack self-discipline.

What is the primary focus of developmental psychology?

Studying changes throughout the lifespan in physical, emotional, and intellectual aspects.

What was a key finding in Harlow's research on attachment?

Attachment is more related to emotional security than to physical needs.

How can the brain's handling of memory be likened to a library?

Memories are indexed and stored for retrieval, similar to how books are organized in a library.

Why do individuals often fill gaps in their memory with assumptions?

To make sense of incomplete information during retrieval.

What is a characteristic outcome for children from authoritative parenting?

They develop into responsible and socially competent adults.

What can contribute to a child's development of independence?

Authoritative parenting that promotes decision-making and discussion.

What impact does media have on memory distortion?

It can provide misleading information that affects recall accuracy.

What is an indicator of a child's ability to cope with challenges?

The degree of warmth and guidance they receive from parents.

What findings support the idea of attachment being emotional rather than physiological?

Research indicating infants prioritize comfort and secure relationships with caregivers.

What can high behavioral expectations in parenting lead to?

Children may become anxious or rebellious if they feel pressured.

How does the brain biologically encode memories?

Through varying neural connections that are reinforced over time.

What is a common factor in both impulsive and rebellious behaviors in children?

The lack of consistent structure in parenting.

In terms of memory, why is teaching considered an effective learning strategy?

It requires understanding and organizing the information at a deeper level.

What does prolonged stress do to memory capacity?

It can lead to impaired memory formation and retrieval.

How does reinforcement play a role in memory retention?

Repeated exposure and practice help reinforce memory pathways.

What is the essential function of sensory memory?

To briefly hold information perceived through the senses.

What is a fundamental principle of chunking in memory techniques?

Aggregating information to make it more manageable is crucial for recall.

How does the construction of memories relate to our experiences?

Memories are shaped not just by events but also by our interpretations of those events.

What is the significance of Harlow's experiments for understanding attachments?

They revealed that emotional bonds are key to attachment rather than mere physical care.

What do memory techniques such as mnemonics utilize to facilitate recall?

Creative associations and patterns in information.

What type of parenting lacks fairness and can result in anxiety in children?

Authoritarian parenting.

In authoritative parenting, what is encouraged alongside rules?

Open discussions and explanations.

Why is it easier to remember information that has been processed in multiple ways?

Engaging different senses reinforces the memory trace.

What is the role of emotional support in the attachment process?

It strengthens the bond and contributes to emotional security.

What is the overall impact of effective parenting on childhood development?

It fosters resilience, independence, and social competence.

What can hinder retrieval ability in individuals?

High levels of stress and anxiety.

How can teaching a concept improve one's own understanding?

It forces the person to clarify and organize their knowledge effectively.

What is the psychological benefit of stable and warm parenting practices?

Children tend to develop higher self-esteem and better social skills.

What action can lead to improved memory performance in academic settings?

Engaging in active study techniques and discussions.

What outcome is associated with permissive parenting styles?

Children who may struggle with self-regulation and authority.

How does familiarity relate to memory performance?

It can enhance recall but also lead to absentmindedness.

What is a supportive aspect of authoritative parenting?

Reasonable expectations along with emotional support.

What impact do different parenting styles have on emotional development?

They shape the attachment in childhood, influencing adult relationships.

How do misinformation effects occur in memory retrieval?

By incorporating misleading information after an event into one’s memory.

What kind of nurturing fosters secure attachments according to psychological studies?

Consistent emotional support paired with physical care.

How can stress affect the neurobiology of memory?

It can lead to changes in brain structures affecting memory functions.

What finding did Harlow report regarding monkeys and attachment?

Monkeys preferred comfort over food when given a choice.

What roles do open communication and reasoning play in family dynamics?

They promote understanding and trust between parents and children.

What can be the impact on children's autonomy due to chaotic parenting?

They may struggle with decision-making and uncertainty in social settings.

How do early childhood experiences shape later adult behavior?

They influence emotional intelligence and relational patterns.

What can cause gaps in memory retrieval?

Insufficient encoding or stress during the memory formation process.

What is a central focus of the study of developmental psychology?

To understand growth and change throughout the lifespan.

What approach did Harlow take to study attachment in animals?

He focused on comfort and emotional bonds rather than just feeding.