angielski kolokwium 2

Research & Development (R&D)

department that focuses on innovation and problem-solving within a company

Human Resources (HR)

department responsible for hiring training and managing employees

chain of command

the line of authority that moves from the top of a hierarchy to the lowest level

pyramidal structure

a traditional hierarchy where decision-making authority flows from the top down

line structure

a business structure with a clear chain of command where authority flows directly from top management

functional structure

organization of a company where employees are grouped according to their specific skills and knowledge (e.g. marketing finance)

matrix management

a structure where employees report to more than one manager (e.g. functional manager and project manager)

to flatten the hierarchy

to reduce the number of layers of management to improve communication and speed

to work at full capacity

when a company is using all its available resources (machines staff time) to produce as much as possible

strong cash balance

having a lot of money available in the company’s bank accounts (good liquidity)

strong market share

having a large percentage of total sales in a particular market compared to competitors

credit facilities

financial arrangements (like loans or overdrafts) provided by banks that allow a business to borrow money

profit margins

the percentage of profit a company makes from its sales showing efficiency

large inventories

having a lot of goods or materials stored and ready for sale or production (stocks)

self-financing

when a company pays for its projects or growth using its own money instead of borrowing

retained earnings

profits that a company keeps and does not pay out as dividends to reinvest in the business (zyski zatrzymane)

downsizing

reducing the number of employees or operations to cut costs (also: restructuring rightsizing)

merger

when two separate companies agree to join together to form a larger one (fuzja)

takeover / acquisition

getting control of a company by buying over 50% of its shares (przejęcie)

subsidiary

a company that is owned or controlled by another parent company (spółka zależna)

parent company

a company that owns enough voting stock in another firm to control management and operation (spółka matka)

economic downturn

a period of decline in economic activity (recession slump)

economic recovery

a period of increasing business activity signaling the end of a recession (upturn boom)

glocalization

adapting global ideas or products to local needs and cultures

linear-active culture

culture where people plan schedule organize and do one thing at a time (e.g. Germany USA)

multi-active culture

culture where people do many things at once and prioritize relationships and emotions (e.g. Latin Europe Latin America)

reactive culture

culture where people prioritize courtesy and listening reacting carefully to the other side (e.g. Asia)

individualist

someone who prioritizes individual goals and rights over group goals

collectivist

someone who prioritizes group cohesion and goals over individual desires

universalist

a person who believes that rules and standards should apply to everyone without exception

particularist

a person who believes that circumstances and relationships dictate how rules should be applied

cross-cultural communication

the process of recognizing and respecting differences between cultures in business

Curriculum Vitae (CV)

a document listing your education skills and experience (British English)

Resume

a document listing your education skills and experience (American English)

to give notice

to formally tell your employer you are leaving the job (wypowiedzieć umowę)

period of notice

the time you must work after giving notice before you can leave (okres wypowiedzenia)

job contract

a legal agreement between employer and employee describing rights and duties (umowa o pracę)

employment agency

a company helping people find jobs (agencja zatrudnienia)

vacancy

an unoccupied job position that needs to be filled (wakat)

to fill a vacancy

to hire someone for an open position (obsadzić wakat)

to be moved sideways

to change jobs within the same company at the same level (not a promotion)

job description

a detailed list of duties and responsibilities for a specific position (opis stanowiska)

references / testimonials

written opinions from previous employers about a candidate (referencje)

applicant

a person who formally requests a job (kandydat)

cover letter (covering letter)

a letter sent with a CV to explain why you are suitable for the job (list motywacyjny)

recruitment process

the steps involved in finding and hiring a new employee

shortlist

a list of selected candidates from a larger group who will move to the next stage (lista kandydatów zakwalifikowanych do kolejnego etapu)

preliminary selection

the first stage of choosing candidates (wstępna selekcja)

traineeship / internship

a period of work experience often for students or graduates (staż / praktyka)

headquarters (HQ)

the main office or centre of an organization (siedziba główna)

entry-level position

a beginner job requiring little or no previous experience

results oriented

focused on achieving goals and measurable outcomes (nastawiony na wyniki)

self-starter

a person who works well independently and takes initiative (osoba przedsiębiorcza / samodzielna)

team player

someone who works well with others and cooperates in a group

unsupervised work

working without being constantly watched or directed by a manager

to meet deadlines

to finish work by the agreed time or date

referee

a person who provides a reference for a job applicant (osoba udzielająca referencji)

mother tongue

one's native language (język ojczysty)

working knowledge

sufficient knowledge of a language or skill to use it effectively in a job

fluency

the ability to speak or write a language easily well and quickly

post-graduate degree

a level of study after completing a bachelor's degree (studia podyplomowe / magisterskie)

dissertation / thesis

a long piece of writing on a particular subject especially one that is done for a higher college or university degree (praca dyplomowa)

Bachelor's Degree (BA / BSc)

an undergraduate academic degree (licencjat)

Master's Degree (MA / MSc)

a graduate academic degree (magister)

major (in a subject)

the main subject that a student studies at college or university (kierunek główny / specjalizacja)

shelf-filling

restocking goods in a store (a common entry-level job task)

job interview

a formal meeting in which an applicant is asked questions to determine their suitability for a job

interpersonal skills

the ability to communicate and interact effectively with others (soft skills)

professional summary

a short description at the top of a CV highlighting main achievements and skills

LIFO (Last In First Out)

a method of redundancy where the newest employees are the first to be fired